Comparing four or more poems Essay Example for Free

Comparing four or more poems Essay The world around you is full of relationships. Some good, some bad. A relationship can bring happiness and love whilst also bringing sadness and unpleasantness. Two people having emotional feeling for each other, sharing those feelings with comfort and pleasure, form a relationship. Many will say that a relationship is the best thing ever, whilst others may say its also the worst. When a relationship forms why does there always have to be a good and a bad part? One of the poems I have studied is this be the verse by Philip Larkin. It is about a child blaming everything that has happened to him on his parents. Larkin has expressed his feelings for a relationship by using the bitter and brutal word fuck. He chooses these choices of words to shock the readers and members of his family. When the poem was write in 1960 the word fuck would have been even more offensive than it is now. Ask yourself why call the poem this be the verse? Larkin uses the word be to get his point across on relationships. Using the word be makes his opinion a fixed thing. Larkins uses of language in this poem sets out the pessimistic image that your parents destroy you. You can tell that him and his parents have never really got along by the quote: they fuck you up your mum and dad. Larkin is applying that your parents mess you up when he states they may not mean to but they do. He also sets up the image of hatred by using the rhythm to bang in an effect of anger. The rhythm is bouncy and contracts with the message. Having said that it also depends on your mood when reading the poem. Larkin obviously had a disruptive childhood by the tone and the mood of his poem. Add some extra just for you. Larkin dents the ironic image by implying he is ashamed of his parents and their parents. The second verse sets up the impression that Larkin might have changed his mind about his parents as the first word is but. However I was wrong he carries on throughout the verse slagging off his parents and grandparents by saying by fools in old style hats and coats. On verse three he still hasnt changed his mind about his distraught childhood and his hatred towards his parents. It deepens like a coastal shelf Larkin explains that his hurt and hatred built up and deepens more every time he got hurt. Larkin obviously cannot forget about this childhood and forgive his parents for the way he has turned out. He states get out as early as you can. Larkin gets the impression across the only way to stop you tuning out like you family is to kill yourself. This be the verse is a misanthropic poem. Does this mean that Philip Larkin agrees with Sartre, that hell is other people? My opinion towards this poem is that the poet, Philip Larkin is cruel and bitter towards his parents. He gives off the impression very clearly that he has no respect for his parents and grandparents what so ever. And it is very clear that he is not willing to forgive his parents for the way in which he has turned out. However his opinion is different than mine. I feel that the way you turn out has some effect on your parents. However most of it is up to you, by the way you choose to dot things and the way you choose to learn from your mistakes yourself. Another poem I have chosen to study is called the sick equation written by Brian Patten. What is a healthy equation? One that works, that provides an answer. Patten is implying that the sick equation is one that doesnt work. Signifying that his parents dont work well together. At the beginning of each poem this be the verse and the sick equation they both have a point of comparison. Both poets bring the image across that a relationship is a fixed and bad thing by Patten using absolute and Larkin using be. Are both poets establishing the same message? Pattens poem talks about the difference at home and school. In school I learned that one and one made two and could have been engraved in stone, an absolute I could not question or refute. Patten gives out the impression that at school everything has an answer however at home nothing adds up. He the goes on to use the ironic message but home sweet home he uses irony to get the message across that he doesnt care. I feel using irony has more of an impact that not using it. In the second verse Patten uses the strong word raw. He describes that he is feeling hurt and the hatred towards his parents has grown strongly. In that raw cocoon of parental hate. I came to believe how it was best that one remained one, for two, one at least would suffer so. Here Patten explains that for the best its better to keep yourself to yourself, as if you are to become committed at least one of you would hurt. He objects with his mum and dad being together as one of them is always hurting. In the second verse Patten is applying that he had love but let it go by the comment believing this I threw away so many gifts- I never let love stay enough to take to take root, but by thinking myself of too little worth I crushed all its messengers. His parents have let love go for him, they have spoiled love for him, the way his mum and dad acted towards each other impacted into Patten that love is not a good thing. He goes on to stay I grew-or did not grow-and kept my head down low, and drifted with the crowd. Even though he grew on the outside in height he still remained immature on the inside. I stayed apart, stayed one claiming separateness was out of choice, and at every wedding ceremony I saw the shadow albatross- divorce- fall over groom and bride. By saying this it implied that for some time that Patten never had the courage to have a full time relationship, as he was scared that the same might happen to him that happened to his parents. It feels that Patten sees a divorce at the beginning of a wedding. In the final verse Patten states that he cant blame his parents for the way he turned out. (Unlike Larkin) he explains to the reader that he cant judge everyone for the way they are or that way they have been brought up. He changes his opinion on his parents towards the end of the poem. Its absurd to believe all others are as damaged as we, the lesson that our parents taught he clearly feels he cannot blame his family for what had happened to him now and in the past. He can forgive and forget, unlike Larkin. Unlike Larkin, Patten chooses to only highlight the positive side of a relationship. Pattens choice of words hammer to message into the head that not all relationships are bad, just because he had a bad experience he learnt that you will always be able to love someone. The language he uses relates to his loneliness and hurt in his past. He expresses his hurtful past through his poetry. Another poem I looked at is looking for dad again by Brain Patten. You can guess what Patten is going to talk about before reading it for yourself. His dad. The poem is about a boy who thinks his dad has ran away because he hadnt tided his room, when really it was just another relationship ending disruptly. The poem is set out from the others, when you look at a poem the first thing you will notice is the fact is has verses. Looking for dad is all joint together without any verses.

Analysis of Brazilian Health Care Context

Analysis of Brazilian Health Care Context Introduction More than over three decades of Alma Ata PHC declaration, the goal of health for all remain elusive in many countries of Sub – Saharan Africa and a wide gulf exist within and remain in countries such as South Africa. The 1978 Alma Ata declaration underlies the importance of PHC and informs the need for actions to be taken by governments so as to promote the health of the world population. The declaration expressly stated an overall philosophy, strategies for organizing and strengthening the health system, guided by the principles of equity, social justice and health as a right to all. South Africa like any other developing nation faces a wide variety of health-related challenges. The afflictions of waterborne illness and nutritional deficiency are some of the challenges affecting low income communities in the country. Vaccine-preventable diseases impact negatively on the lives of millions of people as well as infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV and AIDS. Thus, it is imperative that in order to improve the health outcomes of a country such as South Africa, social determinants of health should be improved coupled with the standard of living. The health system facing developing countries are not only great, the capacity and the wherewithal to address those challenges are lacking and not readily available in most cases. Efforts should be geared towards strengthening the health systems through the provision of adequate resources that should include both human and financial resources. In reality, resources would never be enough to strengthen the health systems, but there is a need to maximize the available resources to bolster the health systems so as to make them operate more efficiently. The only way to ensure that health systems work efficiently is to have a reliable data on its performance. In this way, interventions could be devised and executed based on the results of the data. It is pertinent to say that the data provided should be timely and accurate so that intervention provided could be measured. Since the advent of democracy in South Africa, efforts have been made to improve and strengthen district health system and primary health care. These efforts include structural and policy changes, removing access barriers through the delivery of free primary health care, the enactment of national health act and execution of priority health programmes. It is pertinent to say that these interventions have made access and care available to the majority of South Africans, the early giant stride have been compromised by South Africa’s burden of disease, lack of management skill, low morale among staff of the health department, and structural defect between policy intentions and outcomes. The commitment to overhaul the health system made the health minister undertook a visit to Brazil in 2010 with the intention to improve primary health care services. The aim is to address the South Africa’s disease burden, improve health outcome, access and affordability while ensuring responsiveness to the needs of the population. In the light of the visit made to Brazil, a comparative assessment of the health system in Brazil and South Africa will be conducted. The Brazilian Context In Brazil, health is a constitutional right and responsibility of the state. After the so called â€Å"Big Bang† legislative reform of the new Federal constitution in 1988, the National Health System and the Family health programme were implemented incrementally over the next 20 years (Pan American Health Organization; Health systems and services Profile Brazil. Brasà ­lia, D. F., Brazil: Pan American Health organization, February 2008). The Brazilian national health system (Sistema Unico de Saude or SUS) is organized on the principles of universal access, comprehensiveness, decentralization, hierarchization, and community participation. This encompasses public health in general and health care delivery services to individuals. To execute the lofty programme of the SUS, the Family Health Programme (Programa Saude da Familia, PSF) was created in 1994 and become the national strategy in 2006. The PSF follows a community concept while laying emphasis on the establishment of a close relationship between the health care providers and the community. It serves as a common portal of entry for all primary health programmes and is formed on the beliefs that will ensure continuity, total care and coordination of the health care services. Considerable improvement has been seen in Brazil’s public health in the past decade. These improvement are particularly noticeable in maternal and child health. There is also increase in life expectancy while infant and mortality rates are on the decline. There seems to a pointer that al health millennium development goals will be achieved. It is worth saying that effective steps have been taken to address poverty while improving social determinants of health in once the most u nequal country in the world. A brief description of the Brazilian health care context A health care reform aiming at achieving equity represented an extraordinary challenge for a country the size of Brazil, with a population of more than 180 million and significant social, economic, cultural, and environmental diversity. The federal constitution of 1988 was enacted after years of militarism. It defined three pillars of health care reform; health as a broad concept that goes beyond the absence of disease; health care as a right of citizens and a duty of the state; and the establishement of the National Health system, the SUS. (Paim JS, Health care reform in Brazil, contribution for comprehension and criticisms. Salvador, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil: Edufba/Editoria FIOCRUZ, 2008). In Brazil, while public health is provided exclusively by the public sub-sector, individual care is provided by a public-private mix. The public sub-sector has two segments: the SUS for the whole population and another segment whose access is restricted to public employees (civilian and military), and is financed by public resources and contributions from beneficiaries. Principles and development of the National Health System in Brazil In the last 20 years the Brazilian health care system has achieved outcomes in realizing its principles. At a glance, universal access and decentralization have been identified as the most implemented principles. Community [articipation has brought about important results. However, the expected social accountability of the health system remains doubtful. Hierarchization, in a nutshell regionalization and coordination among services, has been reinforced since early 2000 and emphasized by the present government. In terms of the universal access the public system offers health care services on a massive scale. In 2006, it provided nearly 2.3 billion outpatients procedures, 300 million medical consultations and 12 million hospitalizations. (Pan American Health Organization. Health systems and Services Profile Brazil. Brazilia, D.F, February 2008). The growth of a national primary care strategy, the Family Health Programme has demonstrated good outcomes in improving access expecially for the poor. (Rocha R, Soares R. Evaluating the impact of community Based Health interventions: evidence from Brazil’s Family Health Programme. Bonn, Germany: Institute for the study of Labour (IZA), April 2009. For instance, the last national household survey, done in 2008, showed that among an expected 57.6 million households, 27.5 million declared they were enrolled in the Family Health programme. (2008 National Household Survey: An overview of Health in Brazil. Access and utilization of services; population health status; risk factors and health protection) Rio de Janeiro2010). The development of PHC delivery model The Family Health programme was initially proposed as an addition to the community health workers programme that had been running in some states of Brazil. The FHP was first officially implemented in 1994 and was based on municipal experiences in experimenting with alternatives to traditional basic care. The establishment of the teams has been the responsibility of the municipalities. However, when the programme begun municipalities as providers received financial resources from the federal government for the maintenance of the team based on a fee for service compensation model. In 2006 the programme received an important upgrade. The National policy of primary care (PNAB) was published by the ministry of Health, amplifying the PHC concept and scope. (Ministry of Health B. National Primary Care Policy. In: care DoP.Vol. 4 ed. Brasilia, DF, 2007). The family health units (FHU) are under the responsibility of the municipalities. In order to ensre access the PNAB recommends that one family health units with three or four Family Health Teams (FHT) be responsible for PHC provision for a maximum of 12,000 inhabitants of the territory for which it has responsibity. However, in a high population density urban areas, this is not always a reality. For rural areas with low density, this number is smaller because teams are distributed in order to facilitate access for dispersed populations. Each FHU must be located within its territory or responsibility.(Ministry of Health B. National Primary Care Policy. In: care DoP. Vol. 4 ed. Brazilia, DF, 2007). All the team members in the programme are required to work full time, but this is not a reality throughout the whole country. According to Barbosa, (2009) only 62% of doctors and 82% of nurses confirmed the work full time nationally. These professionals often work in other settings of the public health care system as well, or sometimes in private practice. Additional profesionals may integrate with these teams according to the health needs of the local population and the decision of the municipal manager in agreement with the municipal council. In 2007 the federal heath ministry began financing a support group of 5 professionals for every 8 to 10 family health teams including psychologists, social workers, physiotherapist, speech therapist, paediatrician, gynaecologists, homeopathic doctors, psychiatrists, acupuncturists, and physical educators. (more health; a right for all 2008 – 2011. Brazilia; DF Brazil, 2008). The municipal government has to find a better match for the local level needs according to the availability of profesionals Outcomes and Impact of the Family Health Programme in Brazil The oucomes and the impact of any programme can be evaluated in several dimensions. The Brazilian health sysystem could be analysed based on starfield’s proposed dimensions: access and first contact, ensuring the principle of of universal care of the system; innovation in the health care provision, ensuring the comprehensiveness and longitudinal of care; and the promotion of equity in health indicators. The expansion of the programme has been remarkable in terms of meeting the ministry health’s goals. In December 2009, the programme got to 30328 teams and 234 767 community health workers covering over 100 million inhabitants in 5349 municipalities in all region of the country. (Ministry of Health B. Department of Primary Care Website Brazilia2012). It is worth saying that one of the key components of the Brazilian heal system is public support. Studies conducted in different part of the country comparing traditional basic units and Familiy health units shows higher user satisfaction with family health units.(Macinko J, Almeida C, de Sa PK. A rapid assessment methodology for the evaluation of primary care organization and performance in Brazil Health Policy Plan 2007). The coverage extension has moved closer to ensuring universal access to the health system as mandated by the Brazilian constitution. The changes to the teams’ work practices have enhanced comprehensiveness by putting together primary care, public health and health promotion activities. (Peres EM, Andrade AM, Dal Poz MR, Grande NR. The practice of physicians and nurses in the Brazilian Family Health Programme: Hum Resou Health 2006;4:25). Studies evaluating the family health programme using the infant mortality rate, with ecological designs have shown positive effects on reduction of infant mortality rate. (Aquino R, de Oliveira NF, Barreto ML. impact of the family health programme on infant mortality in Brazilian municipalities; AM J Public Health 2009 ;99(1):87-93). Even though the results are very promising at the national level, there are significant discrepancies between provinces and municipalities. These may suggest the need to better understand the keey components of the programme that are responsible for the results. Comparative assessment with the South African System South Africa health system has evolved over the past decade. From a 5 year planning frameworks since 1994 to consolidation of the health system while making substansive inputs to resolving the human resource issues. Although, capacity building programmes for managers were initiated, the bulk of the health professionals other than nurses works in the private sector. This is slightly different from the brazillian context in which majority of health care practitioners are fully involved in the Family health programme. Primary health care system has always been the focal point of the health system in South Africa over the past decade. A lot of efforts has gone into implementing the programmes in all the pronvinces of the country. Racial and gender bias had been largely eliminated coupled with the provision infrastructues to deal with the burden of the South African disease.Unlike the Brazilian model, sufficient attention has not been paid to its implementation. This includes provision of holistic comprehensive health care services to the communities, emphasizing disease prevention, health promotion and community participation. The Brazilian health programme had been population focussed unlike the South African model. Services has not been taken to the people. Adequate attention has not been given to health measurement outcomes. In other words there has been no basis for improvements coupled with the outbreak of HIV epidemic in the Sub-Saharan Africa. The district health sysystem has been the focal point through which Primary health care is delivered in South Africa. It comprises of the district hospital, community health centre and clinics with each of those set up having its own target population. The ideal scenario is for each clinic to have its own PHC team the will render services to both the clinic and the community. Faclities should be supported by specialist support teams to cater for the needs of the population. As part of delivering health care, it has been recommended that the district health management team purchse the services of some private health providers where these services are not available to the public sector. It is a known fact that there has been success stories of the primary health care system. Brazil has been a success story. There has been dramatic improvement in the health oucomes of Brazil compare to that of South Africa. There is a poor health indicators outcomes in the South African health system compared to the resources been invested. This may be due to the overwhelming impact of HIV and AIDS. Brazil health care system in a three tieir federation comprising of the federal government, state and municipalities. The unified health system is founded on the principles that health is a right and state duty. It is founded on the basis of universal coverage, care and equity which allows most of the population to be covered. The Brazilian health system in not all smooth sailing. Issues such as high cost, scarcity or resources heve bedevilled the system. (Celia R. P. and Ana C. P. G., Human resources for health and decentralization policy in the Brazilian health system, Human Resources for Health, 9(12) (2011). While South Africa is one of the most developed economies in Africa, its primary health care programme has followed a traditional approach from top to bottom. Unlike Brazil, there are two policies implementation by PHC. There is universal access to health by all South Africans and provision of free health care for pregnant women and children. There are gaps in the implementation of the South Africa Primary health care programme. This gap include migration of health care professionals, lack of resources, the skewed distribution of personnel in public and private sector, lack skill and low morale among staffs coupled with the absence of managerial expertize. (Heunis J. C., Van Rensburg H. C. and Claasens D. L., Assessment of the implementation of the implementation of the primary health care package at selected sites in South Africa. CurationSIS, 29, 37-46 (2006). In most rural areas of South Africa, health system are not readily availavailable and where it is available, it is purchased at high exhorbitant cost. (De Jager J. and Du Plooy T., Service quality assurance and tangibility for public health care in South Africa, Acta Commercii, 7, 96-117, (2007). One of the challenges facing South Africa health system includes lack of financial resources, dedication of staff implementing the programme, lack of material commitment, How to change management practices, community participation and munltisectoral collaboration. In view of this, there is a need for health system re-engineering

Circle of Gold Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Earthly things can be very expensive, but love from a family is priceless, it is expressed in the following passage. By the end of the last hundred pages I’ve read (103-201) in Candy Dawson Boyd’s Circle of Gold, Mattie finally realizes this, as does the readers. Mattie gives her mom a golden pin for mother’s day, which she goes by any means to get, just to bring her family back together. Mattie was a smart â€Å"A† student from Brooklyn, New York. Her only brother and twin brother Matthew is an artist that likes to draw and paint. She lives with her mom and brother, she used to live with her dad but he is deceased. One day, on his way from work some drunk drives hit his car and killed him. That day changed their lives forever. When her father left them, he took a part of everybody with him. Mattie and Mathew were only eleven years old when a lost their father, what a horrible loss, and at such a time that you understand how those things work, and you have feelings, one of the many prime times in your life that you need a father. As a result of this great loss, their family became dysfunctional, nobody cleans the house, her mother is never there because she leaves to work early, and comes home really late, and the kids have to make their own dinner. When her father left the family couldn’t take it, they just fell apart, now her mother is always angry and never smiles. It is unusual to me how all this corruption can be caused by 1 man alone, I mean ...

Social Justice Essay -- Liberation Theology

What is social justice and how does it relate to liberation theology? How do sin, love, grace, and human freedom affect social justice? What restricts freedom and social justice? And how does all of this play a role in the Kingdom of God? Social justice is a concept of a society in which every human being is treated justly, without discrimination based on financial status, race, gender, ethnicity, etc. Grace is a gift from God that we don’t deserve, which helps us choose the good, therefore it promotes social justice. On the other hand, sin, which can be regarded as a lack of love and care for â€Å"others,† distances us from social justice. Therefore, love and grace are essential aspects of social justice and without them there could be no social justice in the world. Liberation theologians, major supporters of social justice, have multiple elements in their beliefs that respond to major social justice issues such as: unfair distribution of wealth, goods and services; oppression of people based on gender, race, and ethnicity; and the unjustness of social structures and institutions towards the underprivileged. Lastly, the ends of God’s kingdom and the ends of social justice are one in the sa me: Humans acting out of love to serve and give everything to those less fortunate and in need. In this idea of social justice is the belief that every human is entitled to specific political, economic, social, and human rights. However, in reality many people are stripped of these rights, leaving them without power and privilege, in other words leaving them less than human. They are subject to political structures making decisions for them, which is unjust because political figures with power, acting on behalf of those without power, ... ...cial justice. Works Cited 1. Haughey, John C. The Faith That Does Justice: Examining the Christian Sources for Social Change. Broadway, New York: Paulist Press, 1977. 2. U.S. Catholic Conference. To Campaign for Justice. Washington, D.C.: The Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc., 1982 3. Gutierrez, Gustavo. A Theology of Liberation. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1971. 4. Cory, Catherine. Landry, David. â€Å"Augustine of Hippo.† The Christian Theological Tradition: Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003. 5. Boff, Leonardo. â€Å"On Development and Theology.† Introducing Liberation Theology. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1986 6. Dazet, Paul. Love Wins: God Hears the Cries of the Oppressed. January 15, 2008. 7. Wolff, Edward. â€Å"The Wealth Divide: The Growing Gap in the United States between the Rich and the Rest.†

Family Complexities in Interracial Marriages Essay -- Families Marryin

Family Complexities in Interracial Marriages This paper was really interesting to write because it is a topic that could affect me some day. Plus,"Fools Rush In" is my favorite movie so I loved the opportunity to analyze it. I liked writing the paper because I think that it's a topic that a lot of people tend to overlook or think unimportant. The truth is that many people rush in to interracial marriages without stopping to think of the effects on their families. This paper wasn't written to dissuade anyone from marrying someone of a different ethnicity or religion, only to inform them of what could (and does) happen. It was really hard to write a synthesis on the two movies without comparing and contrasting them. It was a challenging paper but also a lot of fun to write. Family Complexities of Interracial Marriages Mom's apple pie and dad's fishing trips are the American family dream. Everyone dreams of a white picket fence house in the suburbs with sweet children playing on the perfect green lawn. This is the American ideal of a perfect family, one that never argues or fights about anything. Yet what happens when mariachis and pià ±atas are one family’s dream, while decorating one’s house to resemble the Parthenon is another’s? Despite cultural differences, the purpose of all families is to love, guide, and support. Often times, however, families overstep the bounds when dealing out advice and guidance. Families can create many conflicts in interracial marriages in today’s society, as seen in the movies Fools Rush In and My Big Fat Greek Wedding. Families are often the deciding factor when it comes to a marriage. They view and critique every possible match, deciding if it will work. The question is how... ...an work, and society is accepting them more and more. Like Toula’s father said, â€Å"So, okay†¦we have apples and oranges. We are all different but in the end, we’re all just fruit!† (My Big Fat Greek Wedding). Self-Evaluation This paper was harden that I thought that it would be. I tried to make it easier, though, by picking two movies that I know pretty well. I also picked a topic that was interesting to me and I thought I could prove well. My synthesis is a little jumbled and goes off on two tangents, religion and culture. I hope I got the main idea through. I ended with a quote that I liked from My Big Fat Greek American, I hope it makes sense with the essay. I had a hard time starting the beginning also, but I tried to make it interesting. If I had more time I would try to organize my ideas a little better about family affecting religion and culture.

Religion and Morality

Examine the views of scholars concerning the idea that religion and morality are linked. In this essay I am going to be looking at all the different view points on why some people may think religion and morality are linked. I will talk about a few things that link them such as conscience, divine command ethics, Kant's view and Aquinas' view.Many people believe that morality is based upon religion and the rules written in the Bible and other holy books, although some say that religion is completely opposed to morality and it is wrong to mix the two. Some scholars believe there are three views on the relationship between religion and morality, one of them being that morality depends on religion. Religious leaders are expected to have extremely high standards of morality, R. B Braithwaite believes so, he states that ‘to be religious and to make religious claims is to be committed to a set of moral values'.Much religious language is the language of morality, and as we have seen rel igious believers have committed themselves to particular ways of behaving. Aquinas' believed that if God exists morality exists and that God made umans only his image, ‘when we are good, we are reflecting God's image'. He also believed that goodness on earth reflects on God's morally good perfection, so because God made us based on his image, when we are good we are reflecting on his ‘perfect' image.However Kant's view is the opposite to this, he believed that if morality exists God must exist and that the highest of good is perfection, although no one is perfect, which means no one can be as good or great as God because he has this perfect image, and no one is perfect therefore cannot live up to those expectations. Kant's argument was that for the existence of God based on the xistence of morality: There must be a holy author of the world who makes possible the highest goods.Some people believe in Divine Command Ethics because they think that God's authority is absolute and final, and that human reason has no authority. God tells us how to live, obedience is commanded. Disobedience to the word of God is a sin. He also thinks that the existence of God is necessary for the summum borum (which is the highest for of good) to be achieved, and that the summum borum is not achievable in this life, therefore the existence of God is necessary for the goal of morality to be realized. Another is that morality is independent of religion.Freud believed the conscience is a moral policeman. The internalized super-ego that controls and socializes human moral behavior. Capable of doing much damage to our mental health. Some people believe conscience has no supernatural origin, it is the product of how people are brought up. Parents and teachers, teach us right and wrong and we are effected by the environment we are brought up in. Everyone's conscience is different depending on what they were taught and how they were raised and children, meaning they believe differ ent things, and have different view points.Religion and morality is also linked by religious influences on moral matters. For example, a US abortion rights group nave angered some conservative Christian groups by selling condom key rings that have a picture of Michelangelds Sistine chapel, with God handing Adam a condom. The president of the Christian group said ‘this does nothing to deal with the horrific promiscuity rate we have among teenagers. We believe the real approach particularly to the young people that this is targeted at is abstinence before marriage'.

“Chicano” Mexican-American Movement Essay

Chicano – a political term made popular in the sixties with the Chicano Civil Rights Movement which followed the example of the Black Civil Rights Movement. The people of the Movement adopted the word Chicano for themselves just as the African Americans had adopted Black. The Chicano Movement fought for all people of the Southwest of Mexican descendancy. These people included those whose ancestors had been citizens in the southwest when it was Mexico before the United States occupied it in 1848. These people became citizens by default with all rights guaranteed to them under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Chicano Movement also included three waves of immigrants from Mexico: those who migrated because they were escaping the Mexican Revolution between 1900 and 1914; those who came between World War I and 1930, mainly for economic reasons; and those who came between World War II and the 1960’s. Several of those who came in the 1940’s came with organized labor programs such as the Bracero Program and decided to stay, even if undocumented. The Chicano Movement and the Treaty of Gudalupe Hidalgo – After the United States won the Mexican American War the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was executed on February 2, 1848. Under the treaty, Mexico ceded to the United States a large area including, California, Arizona, New Mexico, parts of what we know today as Colorado, Nevada, Wyoming and Utah. The annexation of Texas was also approved. All the citizens who had resided in what had been Mexico were given one year to make a choice to remain in what was now the U. S. or go to what was now Mexico. It is estimated that 75,000 Mexicans decided to stay and became citizens of the U. S. by default. The treaty provided specific guarantees for the property and political rights of the â€Å"native† population and they were given the right to retain their language, religion and culture. Almost immediately, the treaty was broken and these people were treated like foreigners in their own land. When they lost their land, they lost their economic base, thus had to turn to wage labor to survive. They were subjected to great discrimination practices, as were the three waves of immigrants who came later. By the time World War II ended Chicanos were an oppressed people; poor, uneducated, with no political clout; and menial jobs  with little hope for upward mobility. It was after the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943 and after soldiers came back from World War II that the foundation for the Chicano Movement was built. The veterans and other concerned Chicanos refused to be treated like second class citizens. The groundwork was laid for the battle of equality for Chicanos. When the 1960’s came about Chicanos recognized that like the Blacks, they, too, had a cause and initially emulated the Black Civil Rights Movement. Scholars consider the year 1943 as the beginning of an new period of Mexican American history and culture. When the so-called Zoot Suit Riots occurred in the Los Angeles area it marked a stage in the cultural development of the Mexican American in which there was a consciousness of not belonging to either Mexico or the United States and an effort to assert a separate independent identity. It introduced the Pachucos, young Mexican-American young men who were not accepted in their schools, nor at home. They sought their own identity. Also after World War II Mexican American veterans who had fought and died side by side with their other American counterparts now felt they had earned their rights and were ready to participate equitably. Thus the quest for identity in modern American society was initiated and by the 1960’s a younger generation made up of the children of the veterans took up the pursuit of democracy and equity in the Civil Rights Movement and explored the question of identity in all the arts. There had been very little Chicano Literature in the past so the 60s was considered a Chicano Renaissance. Hispanic – an umbrella term that reduces groups of people into the lowest common denominator of Spanish speaking peoples. This can be people who speak Spanish or whose ancestors spoke Spanish and includes, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Dominicans and other ethnic groups. It is a most unfair label because it denies the different histories, and dilutes the importance of each different culture by lumping them all under one umbrella. The term was given by the government during the Nixon administration. Mestizo – for the scope of this class half-Spanish, half-Indian. When the  conquistadores arrived in the Americas miscegenation took place between the Spaniards and the Indigenous women, thus produced a new race, the Mestizo, a mixture of Caucasian and Indian. Much of Chicano Literature is based on Indian folklore. The Mestizo is an element in Mexican American Studies — meaning both the Indian and Spanish side of the Chicano. Therefore we will be studying literature that takes us back to ancient Mexico and Spain and brings elements of both cultures to produce Chicano literature. I am Joaquin, written by Rodolfo â€Å"Corky† Gonzales in the 1960’s elaborated a version of cultural nationalism that would typify what is called Movement Poetry. It was Mexican American history all wrapped up into one poem. It was monumental because up until then there had been very little written about the Chicano. When something was written, it was usually derogatory or stereotypical. It stands alone as an epic poem of the Chicano Movement. A new breed of writers were born because of the Chicano Movement. Their writings were related to a political and social movement. They wrote about cultural identification with the Mexican American heritage within the general framework of American society. It became the most intense expression of the creative spirit of the movement. It first saw the light in print in angry journals or newspapers such as El Grito Magazine or El Gallo Newspaper. There were many. The writing was cause writing, not just literary. It was also inspirational. The first Chicano writers of Chicano Literature in the 60’s committed their literary vices to the political economic and educational struggles. Their works were often inspirational and read at organizational meetings, boycotts and before protest marches. The first Chicano poets included: Abelardo â€Å"Lalo† Delgado; Ricardo Sanchez and Alurista (Alberto Urista). Alurista coined the term Aztlan as the Chicano homeland. It gave Chicanos a sense of place. Aztlan had been the mythical homeland of the Aztecs which was north from Mexico, probably somewhere in the southwest United States. In 1967 appeared the most influential Chicano Literary Magazine, El Gallo, initiating the publishing house El Quinto Sol (The Fifth Sun). El Quinto Sol emphasized the Chicano culture, language, themes and styles and a Mexica/Aztec identity and promoted the Spanish Language. The fifth sun referred to the Aztec belief in a period of cultural flowering that would take place some time in the future, in a fifth age that coincided with the rise of the Chicano movement. One of the first books published by Quinto Sol was an anthology in 1986, El Espejo/The Mirror, edited by Dr. Octavio Romano Paz and Herminio Rios. In 1970 El Quinto Sol instituted a national award for Chicano Literature, Premio Quinto Sol (Fifth Sun Award) which gave the winner $1000 and published their winning manuscript.