Dissertation Chapters Essay

Our writers carefully peruse the contents of your entire dissertation in order to create the most concise yet informative summary of your work’s contents. This includes an overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions. The writing we produce is always clear and gives a solid and interesting, yet self-contained introduction to your dissertation that will encourage others to read it. We will also be careful to remain within the word limit of 350-600 words, while always aiming to optimize the impact of the work. Discussion Writing Our writers are adept at presenting clearly defined results. The proper arrangement of your results is always executed. Plus, the patterns that are present in the results are discussed and analyzed in clear language. Inferences are made regarding the data and these are continually related back to the hypothesis and research questions to maintain the cohesion of the whole work. Depending on your wishes, we are also able to include the works limitations and directions for future research. Review/Editing Admission Essays Our writers have had several years of experience with admission essays and know precisely how to modify yours in order to make it of top quality. For essay editing, we fine-tune your essay by removing grammatical, spelling and punctuation errors. For essay review, we offer you all our essay editing services, plus we also work hard to improve the style of your essay. This means that we improve your diction, syntax, and other stylistic problems. Plus we also offer feedback, which will give you directions on how to expand certain sections of your essay by offering more information in a given area. We will go the extra mile to make your essay one that will be noticed by the any admissions committee, and we work with you one-on-one to make that happen.

History of Biligual Education Essay

My project was to go and find out about bilingual education’s history, process, and the experts in the field of bilingual education. Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages fluently. Bilingualists study Bilingualism and bilingual education, which is teaching all subjects in school through two different languages. Bilingual Education was first adopted in Ohio in 1839, due to the increase of German-Americans (Rethinking). By the end of the 19th century, many states had adopted bilingual education laws to meet the demands of new immigrants due to industrialization. When World War I came many Americans changed their views of bilingual education, due to the fear of German-Americans and the government’s new Americanization policies, including English-only instruction. It wasn’t until the Civil Rights Movement Era and the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, when bilingual education was reintroduced into the United States. â€Å"The court’s decision in th e landmark Lau v. Nichols case required schools to take â€Å"affirmative steps† to overcome language barriers impeding children’s access to the curriculum. Congress immediately endorsed this principle in the Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974.†(Rethinking). In California, bilingual education was banned until 1967. In 1967, Governor Ronald Reagan signed legislation (SB 53) that authorized bilingual education, before the Bilingual Education Act of 1968. A blow for bilingual education came in 2002, when President George Bush’s No Child Left Behind Act got rid of the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, changing the way people look at bilingual education. In 1998 California, under Ron Unz’s Proposition 227, reverted Ronald Reagan’s SB 53. This Proposition later confirms Bush’s No Child Left Behind Act and the country’s renewed interest in English only instruction, due to the Iraq War. Many critics of bilingual education believe that bilingual education is failed, but proponents of bilingual education feel bilingual education is a better option than English-only instruction. Critics of bilingual education believe that children who receive bilingual education will not be able to help students learn English as well as English-only students. One of the critics of bilingual education, Rosalie Pedalino Porter of the Institute for Research in English Acquisition and Development (READ), believes that â€Å"the expectations for bilingual schooling were threefold: better and more rapid learning of English; better mastery of school subjects; and higher self-esteem among students, which could lead to higher academic achievement and fewer school dropouts. Unfortunately, none of these goals was achieved†¦The goal [of English immersion] is threefold: early literacy development in English, subject matter instruction in English with a special curriculum, and early inclusion of LEP students in mainstream classrooms for maximum exposure to native speakers of English and for greater integration of diverse student populations†(Porter). However, â€Å"controlled studies consistently show that children in such properly organized bilingual classes acquire at least as much English as those in all-English classes and usually acquire more†(Krasen). Another proponent of bilingual education, Jay Greene provided research that â€Å"the use of the native language in instructing limited English proficient children has â€Å"moder ate beneficial effects† and that â€Å"efforts to eliminate the use of the native language in instruction †¦ harm children by denying them access to beneficial approaches†(Greene). In addition to the belief that children who receive bilingual education will not be able to help students learn English as well as English-only students, critics of bilingual education believe that the passage of Proposition 227, caused test scores to increase. Proponents of 227 from the READ Institute argue that, the test scores from 1998-2000, show that minority English language learning students in California have done better on the SAT 9 test than those in bilingual education had done before (Mora). Kenji Hakuta, shows in his article, Points on SAT-9 Performance and Proposition 227, â€Å"test scores rose in districts in California that kept bilingual education, as well as in districts that never had bilingual education† (Hakuta). In addition, â€Å" Scores increase about 1.5 to 2 points per year after a new test is introduced. Thus, test score inflation accounts for about half of the increase in grades two and three in the SAT9 reading test since 1998, and all of the inc rease in grades four through seven SAT9 reading scores in California have actually declined slightly in grades eight through eleven†(Linn et. al). Research done by these bilingualists show that Proposition 227 has not increased the minority English language-learning students in California’s English skills. Critics of bilingual education believe that poorly trained teachers and complicated bilingual education structures cause more confusion than English-only programs. Susan Headden, writing in U.S. News & World Report, comments, â€Å"Poorly trained teachers further complicate the picture. . . . The paucity of qualified candidates has forced desperate superintendents to waive some credentialing requirements and recruit instructors from abroad. The result is teachers who themselves struggle with English† Advocates cite that just because bilingual education needs improvement doesn’t mean it should be eliminated. Critics of bilingual education look at the success of Canada’s French immersion policy in schools. In kindergarten and first grade native-English speakers are taught entirely in French. Then gradually, English is introduced and by the end of elementary school, most students become fluent in French and English. However, more impressive is the bilingual education of European countries. Since there are eleven different official languages of the European Union, students are taught multiple languages .The study of first foreign language begins in first year of primary school, then an additional language is added in the second year of secondary school and the fourth year of secondary school. By the time students exit college with a Baccalaureate degree, they will know at least four languages. From, my research I was able to find proponents and critics of bilingual education. I noticed that there were many more proponents of bilingual education, among them are Kenji Hakuta of Stanfor d University, Colin Baker of the University of Wales, Stephen Krashen of the University of Southern California, Wayne P. Thomas and Virginia Collier at George Mason University, and Jim Cummins of the University of Toronto. Critics of bilingual education include politicians, George Bush, Susan Headden, and Rosalie Pedalino Porter. Perhaps we should be looking to other nations to solve our educational issues, as neither English-only nor bilingual education seems to work. References *Based on an Analysis by National Association of Bilingual Education. (2002, Winter). History of Bilingual Education. Rethinking Schools. Retrieved May 10, 2007, from http://www.rethinkingschools.org/special_reports/bilingual/langhst.shtml * Greene, J. (1997). A meta-analysis of the Rossell and Baker review of bilingual education research. Bilingual Research Journal , 21(3), 103-122. *Hakuta, K. (2000). Points on SAT-9 Performance and Proposition 227. Lecture presented at Stanford University , Cubberley Hall 228, 485 Lasuen Mall Stanford, California. *Headden, S. (1995, September 25). One Nation, One Language? U.S. News & World Report, 38+. Retrieved May 10, 2007, from http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/articles/onenation.html *Krasen, S. (1996). Under Attack: The Case Against Bilingual Education. Culver City, CA: Language Education Associates. *Linn, R., Graue, E., & Sanders, N. (1990). Comparing state and district test results to national norms: The validity of claims that ‘everyone is above average. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice , (9), 5-13. *Mora, J. K. (n.d.). What Do the SAT-9 Scores for Language Minority Students Real ly Mean? Retrieved May 10, 2007, from San Diego State University Web site: http://coe.sdsu.edu/people/jmora/SAT9analysis.htm *Porter, R. P. (1999, December). The Benefits of English Immersion. Educational Leadership, 1(57), 52-56.

What Duty of Care Means in Children’s and Young People’s Settings

1, What duty of care means in children's and young people's settings. Duty of care in children's and young peoples setting means the adults providing care have to ensure the child is kept safe from any form of harm or abuse. This can include giving full attention, watching for hazards, accidents and mistakes and following correct procedures. Also ensuring the child is the most important part of your day. 2, How the duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals.The duty of care contributes to safeguarding by ensuring the child is happy, healthy and safe whilst in your care. This can be done by undertaking thorougher risk assessments and procedures/precautions to avoid accidents, mistakes and hazards such as making sure all equipment is clean and not broken, children are supervised at all time by staff who have the relevant checks and health standards are maintained when preparing food and changing nappies.Giving children attention and observing their behavi or also contributes to safeguarding as you will be better placed to notice any needs the child has as they develop. Task C 1, The main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints in children and young people's settings Listen to complaint Record complaint in writing including all details and facts Speak to manager Ensure person complaining knows a time frame for complaint to be investigated and dealt with Manager will then speak to relevant people, investigate and report back to complainant , How would you respond to a complaint. I would listen carefully and respectfully to the complaint, if appropriate (depending on the nature of the complaint) I would ask other members of staff if they can offer an insight as to what happened, then refer it to my manager. If the manager was not available I would take a written account of all the details/facts and contact the manager who would then investigate and report back to me and the complainant. If the complaint was a staff on staff complaint I would refer it straight to my manager.

Book guns germs and steel by jared diamond Essay

Book guns germs and steel by jared diamond - Essay Example Logically, Diamond’s contention is predominantly based on his argument that Eurasian civilization is more of an upshot of opportunity and need, and not of cleverness or ingenuity. He argues that civilization is not derived from exceptional intelligence but crops up as a result of a series of growth and progress, both politically and economically, which are caused by some requirements or preconditions. Consistent with Diamond’s argument, the colonization of Africa by the Europeans can be attributed to â€Å"accidents of geography and biogeography – in particular, to the continents’ different areas, axes, and suites of wild plant and animal species. That is, the different historical trajectories of Africa and Europe stem ultimately from differences in real estate† (401). While it is substantial that Diamond places much more stress and importance on the role of geography in the expansive scope of the history of civilizations, his confined and contracted description of geography may present a concern towards the readers. Geography covers the sphere of humanities and the social sciences. It does not merely take in purely geographical thoughts but also, it encompasses other related fields of study, especially in its investigation and description of the relationship between societies and the environment. Providing explanation for the disparities in wealth, control, and authority among world civilizations and diverse communities over time must take into consideration the social, economic, and geopolitical links, together with their connections to environmental traits and environmental change, in an effort to connect international, district and local levels of analysis. These descriptions must also take the impact of human thoughts and imagination, as well as the socio-cultural procedures in forming the geographical and environmental backdrop. In an attempt to take

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 115

Assignment Example The maximum values however shown that while North Utsire does not high wind speeds most of the time, there are a few instances where it experiences the highest wind speeds. Like is the case with other measures, Rockall experiences a marginally higher lower quartile as compared to North Utsire showing reduced prevalence of low speed winds for Rockall. It further exhibits a higher upper quartile showing high prevalence of high speed winds. This finding is reflected in the box and whisker plot whereby for the case of Rockall, the whisker plot shows closeness of the highest value and the upper quartile. However, for North Utsire, the plot shows a big difference between the upper quartile and the maximum value. The graph further shows that wind speeds in North Utsire are mainly concentrated at the lower speeds with spontaneous occurrence of high speed winds. The calculations and graphical presentations reveal that measures of central tendency are not in themselves, sufficient enough to draw conclusions with reference to a particular weather condition. While the means of the two stations fall closely, it is evident that the areas exhibit marginally different weather conditions. In essence, it highlights the importance of looking at all the measures before drawing conclusion about the weather of a particular

Constantin Brancusi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Constantin Brancusi - Essay Example On the other hand his sculpture was influenced by the traditional Romanian motifs, so the past was not totally vanished. Born in a small village from Romania, a country not yet so developed in many fields, Brancusi enjoyed a peaceful life, in the middle of nature. In the past and even nowadays the Romanian peasants decorated their houses with traditional signs, motifs, that later appeared in Brancusi's works next to the avant-gardist ones. At the same time each of his sculpture has a theme or several ideas. So, the redefinition of the form begins with the transformation of antic in something modern, of an easy work into something more difficult to understand. Brancusi's originality lays in the inner strength of his sculptures, in the geometrical and simple forms. These came from his country values: simplicity and love for nature. Constantin Brancusi was not so well received by the contemporaries because his sculptures were not facile, and could not be understood by everybody. In Romania, his natal country, his genius was recognized only after 1964 when the authorities started to arrange and to take care of the monumental assembly(containing The endless Column, The silent Muse, The gate of Kiss, etc) from Targu-Jiu. In spite of some unfavorable critics, in 1912 he received his first prize at the Bucharest Drawing-Room, and a year later his works were presented in many exhibition in New York, Paris, Chicago, Bucharest, Munchen, London, so it can be said that his recognition came during his life, but it was not according to his real value. In time this thing changed, the proof is that he is considered nowadays the greatest sculptor of all times and that one of his sculptures from Bird of Space collection was sold in 2005 for $27.5 million, being the highest sold sculpture ever.His country influenced him very mu ch but the abroad studies were also very important. After studying at the Beautiful Arts School from Bucharest he studied in Paris, being for a period an apprentice in Rodin's workshop. He didn't stay here so long, because he was aware of his capacity and that a real sculptor could not develop under the mentorship of another great sculptor: "nothing can grow at the shadow of the big trees(at the shadow of an oak tree cannot grow any other tree)"3. Constantin Brancusi was aware of the fact that he saw life and art differently and did not want to undertake somebody else opinions, forms and experience because he knew that in this way he would not be able to grow, creatively speaking. This doesn't mean that Rodin didn't inspire him, but he knew when to stop and when to put his own print. He believed that a creator should work with his three coordinates: his divine side, his royal side, but , at the same time he should commit himself totally to the work. Constantin Brancusi's forerunners over loaded the sculptures, using obscure forms and mysteries, thinking that in these lay their value. They couldn't use their innovative spirit and they couldn't believe they can create through

SAM 451 UNIT 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAM 451 UNIT 5 - Assignment Example lso indicates that the cholera occurrences have also been directly hampering tourism in Cuba, which contributed around 2.5 billion to the US economy in 2011 (Orsi, â€Å"US issues advisory for Cuba over cholera cases†). As the report directly indicates the interrelation between cholera cases and tourism development of the Cuban economy, it can be referred as creative statistics. Another statistical report, published in the article titled, â€Å"ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready†, postulates increasing trend of high school graduate students deciphering their unwillingness to go to college. According to the latest survey, it was found that 31% of the students in the US are not ready to go to college, mainly owing to their educational lacunas of learning and applying at the college level. The article further reported that this decline in students’ willingness to go to college, may in future expand the gap between students’ perceptions and abilities with that of the projected job statistics (Elliott, â€Å"ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready†). Hence, imbalances in the US society might be caused owing to fluctuations in the job market, as a consequence of students’ unwillingness to pursue college level studies. This also addresses a creative field of economic development, and thus can be affirmed as a creative statistics illustration. Elliott, Philip. ACT: Third of high school grads not college ready. The Associated Press, 2013. Web. 24 May 2013.

Televisions Grip on the Mind of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Televisions Grip on the Mind of America - Essay Example Neil Postman rightly identifies the iron grip that the television has on minds throughout American society. Perhaps the fundamental reason for television's power is the way in which it has given "an exquisite and dangerous perfection" to the "epistemological biases of the telegraph and instancy." The telegraph brought bits of information directly to the consumer, without giving that information any sort of context, any sort of reason why that information was significant. The significance was in the novelty, or in the entertainment value. The instancy of the photograph relieves the mind of having to imagine, or even having to pay a lot of attention. An idea can be summarized, remembered, ingrained in the form of a picture. Combining the two, making a slogan with a picture, simultaneously places an idea an image in the mind. This increases the power of the idea, and gives a visual source of memory associated with that idea for the mind to clutch tightly. Another characteristic of television concomitant to this simultaneity of thought and vision is the power of speed. The telegraph took the "line-by-line, sequential, continuous form of the printed page" and reduced it to a "world of fragments and discontinuities." The photograph takes a reality that can present ideas to the mind and reduces them down to particular examples.

Intelligence uses at Abu Ghraib Military prison Research Paper

Intelligence uses at Abu Ghraib Military prison - Research Paper Example In 2004, however, the Abu Ghraib prison scandal erupted, putting the US’s human intelligence and counter-intelligence strategies at the center of international attention and generating massive criticism from human rights advocates. The perceived human rights violations that the Iraqi prisoners were subjected to were condemned and highlighted the need to review and make reforms in human intelligence and counter-intelligence in the military. This paper is an attempt to revisit exactly how human intelligence and counter-intelligence were deployed by the United States in Abu Ghraib. It begins by first discussing the rationale and purpose of HUMINT and counterintelligence, then it proceeds to discuss the means with which these strategies were deployed by US soldiers in Abu Ghraib, and finally, it looks into the reforms that were undertaken as a result of the worldwide controversy that was generated. The rationale and purpose of HUMINT and counterintelligence The primary justificati on for HUMINT and counterintelligence is reposed in the National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States of America, to wit: The United States faces substantial challenges to its security, freedom, and prosperity. Transnational terrorism, continued proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), asymmetric warfare, extremist movements, and failed states present severe challenges to a just and stable international order. Our ability to meet these challenges is threatened by the intelligence activities of traditional and non-traditional adversaries. Our adversaries – foreign intelligence services, terrorists, foreign criminal enterprises and cyber intruders – use overt, covert, and clandestine activities to exploit and undermine US national security interests. (2007: iv) In essence, therefore, the primary rationale for the adaption of HUMINT and counterintelligence is to adequately respond and neutralize the threats posed by the opponent. More specific to t he Iraqi context , military intelligence and counterintelligence experts were purposely deployed in Abu Ghraib in a calculated effort to enforce an active quest in eliminating the fatal problem of insurgency. The same was also done in the hopes of gathering intelligence advantageous in maintaining a more viable democratic Iraq. The person in charge of Abu Ghraib in 2004, Brigadier General Jane Krapinski, â€Å"was an experienced operations and intelligence officer who had served with the Special Forces and in the 1991 Gulf War† (Hersh, 2004). This strategy faced a number of challenges, not least of which was the nature of Iraqis their training and culture that makes them choose death over surrender. Another important purpose of HUMINT and counterintelligence specific to the Global War on Terror is that in Iraq, â€Å"it has become increasingly difficult to distinguish insurgents from citizens within the population† (Lane: 2009, 3). Hence, to avoid fatalities, it became necessary to extract inside information from insurgents that were captured. How HUMINT and counterintelligence were deployed: Abu Ghraib and the issue of human rights Abu Ghraib, which was already a prison in Iraq even before the war broke out, served as a significant place in gathering intelligence for the coalition forces. The originally Iraqi prison -- uninhabited and abandoned after its fall to the coalition for

Ethics and whistleblowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics and whistleblowing - Essay Example Introduction ‘Whistleblowing’ basically refers to make any kind of disclosure in the general interest of public. The term is more commonly referred as ‘blowing the whistle’. If the employee working in any organisation feels that there is wrongdoing in their workplace, then they can report this to the management by following the correct processes. By doing so, their employment rights can be protected. It is worth mentioning that the whistleblowers are shielded for the public interest in order to encourage the people to speak out if they feel that any kind of malpractice is going on in the organisation (DirectGov 2011). The statistics published in public interest reveals that the people’s attitude towards the whistle blowing has improved to a great extent. The survey conducted by ‘Public Concern at Work’ in the year 2007 indicated that 85% of the people informed that they would raise a concern with regards to the malpractices that is taking place with the employers. It was further made evident that 31% of the people would go to the regulatory bodies or to the police if the ‘internal route’ was not considered as the option (Public Concern at Work n.d.). Growing awareness of employee rights, Public Interest Disclosure Act (1998), Health and Safety Executive, PR practices, CSR and Internal Codes of Practices have resulted in improving the condition for whistleblowing. UNISON, a public service union collaborated with Public Concern at Work in order to conduct survey to ask 2000 NHS staffs if whistleblowing was working or not. It was found that around 90% of them had blown the whistle at times when they were concerned about patient safety. 50% were not aware of the fact that their ‘Trust’ had a whistleblowing policy. 33% revealed that their ‘Trust’ wanted to blow the whistle despite being aware of the fact that it would result to bad publicity. 30% revealed that their ‘Trustâ₠¬â„¢ didn’t want them to be told that there was a severe problem while 25% said that the culture was improving (Public Concern at Work n.d.). This statistics can be shown graphically with the help of the chart below: Source: (Public Concern at Work n.d.). Source: (Public Concern at Work n.d.). Other Statistics on Whistleblowing Source: (NWC 2008). The figure that is demonstrated above depicts the companies that report operating a whistleblowing system and the percentage of those companies that consider it to be effective (NWC 2008). It has been found from the report that approximately 5678 cases of whistleblowing were received in the fiscal year 2009, which was up by nearly 2000 over the prior fiscal year (Worldwide ERC 2011). The major aim of this study is to evaluate how the organisations can develop an effective approach to the workplace whistleblowing taking into account the needs of its stakeholders. Research Question The main objective of the research is to evaluate how the organisation can develop an effective approach to workplace whistleblowing that takes into account of the needs of their stakeholders. Therefore, the whole assignment

Should teens in the US adopt the British custom of taking a gap year Research Paper

Should teens in the US adopt the British custom of taking a gap year between high school and college - Research Paper Example From the research it can be comprehended that the tradition of taking a gap year that is engrained in the European society could help young American become better individuals. A gap year can be dedicated to a variety of different activities. A person may use a gap year to pursue a dream such as learning how to paint, to play on a band, or on perfecting a particular craft such as acting or designing clothes. People with sporting talent may pursue a gap year in order to improve their game to possibly land a sporting scholarship once they apply to college. There is no specific path that a young person has to follow in their gap year. A person may just take the year off in order to blow off some steam from the educational system that forces student to continue four additional years of schooling after twelve consecutive years of the academic world. Sometimes young adults have difficulty deciding what career choice to choose from. The gap year can be used to help a young person decipher wh at to do with life in the future. A career is something that once a person chooses one they will be working at that craft for the rest of their lives. A young person can utilize the gap year in order to perform an internship in a corporation. Choosing a multinational corporation to realize an internship can give a young person an exciting firsthand look at corporate America. An internship can be an excellent opportunity to start creating a network with professionals of different backgrounds. A reality check for many young people when they aspire to go to college is that fact that college is a very expensive ordeal. When people graduate out of high they typically do not have any money for college expenses and they depend solely on the help of their parents and governmental economic assistance. For many students the gap year can serve as a solution for them to accumulate some money prior to starting college. Getting a job for year working can provide an opportunity for student to save money. Sometimes student have specific goals for their money such as saving up some cash in order to buy a car prior to starting college. Having your own car is very important for a young person because it gives the individual more liberty and provides a greater opportunity to enjoy social and cultural activities. Another potential reason to take a gap year is to fulfill the dreams of others in need by performing community service. Community service can be a very gratifying experience that can help young people mature and become better individuals. The efforts of people that perform community service are priceless to the community. There are some sophisticated community service program that allow young people an opportunity to travel to other parts of the world to help people in need. Young people with a desire to help can travel to other continents such as Africa. An

Electronic Health Record Essay Example for Free

Electronic Health Record Essay In the proposed scenario, a Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) with a Post-Masters Nursing Informatics Certificate has decided that the 100 bed hospital that she works in would benefit from transitioning from paper charting to using an electronic health record (EHR) system. She has done initial clinical research and has a solid foundation of best-patient-practice reasons that support this change. She has also researched and studied the information on the government’s websites HealthIT.gov, and CMS.gov pertaining to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009. HITECH is a stimulus package approved by the US government allowing $19 billion dollars to be divided between hospitals and doctors â€Å" who demonstrate â€Å"meaningful use† of electronic medical records†(ARRA HITECH Solutions, 2015). She knows that the best way to select and institute an EHR is to assemble a team of members with various specialties pertaining to the goals outlined in the stages of HITECH. Stage 1- Data capture and sharing, Stage 2- Advance clinical processes and Stage 3- Improved outcomes. Each of these stages has it’s own meaningful use criteria. As seen in the diagram to the  left. The CNS begins by choosing the members of her team from various disciplines in the hospital. Because this will mean corporate wide changes and adoption. Her list includes the following, from the IT department, a Clinical Nursing Informatacist- chosen for a specialty in how nurses interact with software and what is required for nurses to effectively care for patients, and the Director of Clinical Informatics- chosen for an overall knowledge base of the hospitals informatics resources and requirements including what software and hardware is currently available, what has worked or failed in the past and what changes will need to happen to keep the hospital compliant with patient privacy and safety regulations. She will also need a Corporate Project Manager to organize and disseminate information to the various off-site entities related to the facilities that will need to be on board with this change across the corporation. A Chief Medical Information Officer will be key in providing the perspective of the physicians and their particular needs and goals, and to be a liaison for the staff physicians when the EHR rollout occurs. A Chief Information Officer will bring knowledge about the hospital’s day to day functions that will need to integrate into the new EHR along with how those systems currently function. A Chief Nursing Information Officer will have their finger on the pulse of each nursing unit and be aware of the different user interface requirements that will be needed by different departments for the the specific type of flow and care given. Lastly, a Chief Financial Officer will be able to guide the team on topics concerning governmental funding and current assets along with helping to create and maintain a budget as required with the acquisition of new software and hardware, he will also be able to work with each department’s budget makers when the time comes for allocating training hours and equipment purchases. Along the way the team will need to bring in sub-specialists to give information and feedback as they hone the new system, but for now the assembled team will be responsible for researching, choosing and implementing the best EHR for their hospital. A.2 a-e) Choose 2 real-life computerized management systems and analyze them by comparing their advantages and disadvantages, recommend the best choice to meet the ‘MU’ requirements, describe how the features of the recommended system meet the guidelines outlined in the three stages of meaningful use, describe the impact on quality of patient care, documentation and outcomes. The team is aware that currently they have a computerized system that they use for reporting and tracking labs, radiology and scheduling, but all documentation is paper based. They consider the price point involved with adding modules to the existing McKesson software vs purchasing and implementing an entirely new EHR called EPIC. EPIC appears to be user friendly and able to seamlessly connect all of the facilities under the umbrella of their corporation. They make a list of some of the pros and cons associated with each system. McKesson has the upside of being a system they have already worked with and it has different programs that can be pieced together to meet some of the meaningful use (MU) criteria for compliance. They already have a working relationship with this vendor and some experience with the product. Once the discussion gets going, the team realizes that there are many more bad points than good with McKesson. In their experience, the software modules are connected in a piecemeal fashion that makes it difficult for programs to interface. Quite frequently data is just lost and not retrievable. There are different data entry systems for the different types of departments i.e. OR, ER, labor   delivery, Med/Surge, radiology, and pharmacy. The different systems do not allow for across the board data harvesting and that makes it difficult and time consuming to track reportable nursing and CMS indicators. The aesthetics of McKesson are something that is frequently complained about by the staff, due t o lack of distinctive color transition and eye fatigue. Lastly, the group is very reluctant to continue on building their EHR base with McKesson because the PCPs in the area will not be able to access hospital records, and office visit information will not be available to the hospital based staff. Due to the need for increased man hours in servicing McKesson, lack of discrete data sampling, and the poor continuity of care related to PCPs not having access to hospital data and vice versa, the team decides to choose Epic instead. Epic has the down side of being a system that will require a large initial outlay of funds. The hospital will have to purchase software, and related hardware. They will have to expand the IT and biomedical engineering departments to support and maintain the new system and equipment (something that would have been necessary to a smaller degree with McKesson). They will have to address some retrofitting needs related to wiring and computer instillation and lastly training will be a very big issue. Despite the potential down sides, the team comes up with a long list of reasons that EPIC is the right system to choose. To begin with EPIC is all one system. It allows for seamless interdepartmental interfacing. The PCPs in the area already use a version of EPIC and this will allow for easy data exchange and a patient’s information will follow them easily. The EPIC system has a medication reconciliation form that is easily viewable to all care givers and pharmacies in the area, keeping track of each patients reported medication dose and frequency. EPIC has a ‘my chart’ feature that allows patients see labs, after visit summaries , and to interact with physicians about scheduling, medications and lab results. EPIC has  many built in safe guards, including password protection, continuous backup and recovery programs so no dat a is lost, and the vendor provides continuing support as needed. EPIC comes in 3 pre-bundled, customizable templates, each already set up to meet the Meaningful Use (MU) criteria without having to alter the program. The team can look at the three available options and determine if one fits them perfectly, or find the closest one and alter it to fit their specific needs. Some examples of how EPIC will meet the Stage 1 MU criteria are computerized physician order entry, checking for drug interactions and allergies automatically, tracking demographics, keeping current diagnosis, medication and allergy lists, allowing patients to have electronic access to discharge summaries, and it gives patients electronic access to physicians. Once the hospital has used EPIC for at least two years, some examples of how EPIC will help meet the Stage 2 MU criteria are ongoing patient data entry and discreet sampling for report generation. The team will continue to develop the software that demonstrates interoperability in sharing of lab results with other providers and systems. Security risk assessment will be ongoing and built into the system. Smoking status will be tracked on all patients 13 and older and the EPIC software is designed to guide the facility from meeting the Stage 1 criteria to meeting the Stage 2 criteria. Stage 3 MU objectives are projected to improve outcomes. The team is waiting on the final ruling for what the Stage 3 guidelines will be and in the mean time they have a projected goal of focusing on primary prevention measures and improving overall population health. This will include recommended vaccination reminders, smoking cessation assistance, healthy lifestyle and meal planning recommendations, and yearly checkup reminders generated by primary physicians that will crossover to hospital patient charts. Some of the better benefits of EPIC include point and click tabs in the assessment fields, this allows for discrete sampling of information. EPIC utilizes a reporting workbench that will harvest requested, reportable data  and assemble it into a user friendly template. This will benefit the hospita l by reducing former man-hours required to find and collect data for clinical quality measures, public health reporting, and CMS indicators. Discrete data sampling from EPIC will make the hospital a benefit to the community as well by allowing it to track trends and provide information to community health nurses. EPIC comes with the ability to establish hard stops and reminders that allow real-time users to be aware of needs for care coordination and patient specific follow-ups or recommended testing related to treating chronic conditions. It will also allow for symptom driven order entry fields to be immediately available in emergent situations where time taken to look for those things could mean a worse outcome. This is especially important when people present with symptoms of stroke or heart attack. Another EPIC benefit is the different levels of bedside specific PHI protection related to sensitive care. EPIC has a ‘break the glass’ functionality pertaining to all sexual assault and psychiatric admits. This function only allows relevant staff to open and view these patients charts, any others are shown a pop-up warning and a notice is sent to start an investigation of any other person who logs in to theses charts. The team is impressed with the information provided by EPIC concerning scanning patients and medications at the bedside and the reduction in medication errors this causes. The scanners will integrate with the medication dispensing machines already in use at the hospital. One of the major benefits of EPIC is the order entry build. Each physician, with a minimal amount of training, can customize the order entry process to reflect their needs. Medication orders are instantly linked to a pharmacist to double check for allergies, and correct dosing information, and then the medication becomes available, via PYXIS machines on the unit for the RN to administer at the bedside. The bedside dosing requires the patient and medication to be scanned, further eliminating potential erro rs, and provides a pop-up warning if an emergency override is required during any of these steps. While the team acknowledges that training and time to become familiar with the new charting and bedside routine changes will initially impact patient care in a negative way, they have a plan in mind to keep the patients educated on the new system changes and the anticipated better care available to the patients across the board from instituting an EHR system. Having the patients ask questions and give real time feedback will help the team tweek their training and bedside routines to give better, more organized care that results in trackable outcomes. This is just an overview of some of the many functions EPIC has that persuaded the team to choose it as the new EHR system for the hospital. (EPIC and McKesson related information was culled from the authors own experience with the systems and personal interviews with multiple members of the informatics department at St Francis Hospital, Indianapolis campus). A.3 a) Use of Quality Improvement Data EPIC has point and click assessment tabs and a standardized documentation format that links related data. This allows for discrete data sampling related to things like CMS indicators. The hospital will be able to track compliance with things like ‘door to EKG’ times in the emergency department, Foley catheter use and resultant CAUTIs, and the time from when a patient presents with stroke symptoms until a cat scan is done and/or whether the patient receives antithrombolytics as a result. The hospital will also be able to generate reports on errors that occur the via the Risk Monitor Pro incident tracking software. This will allow them to continue researching and improving processes. A. 3 b) Security Standards and Methods EPIC has 24 hour monitoring of staff use while logged in, and the records they access. This is important because hundreds of staff members will be using the system and there has to be accountability if employees were to look up their own records, or the records of friends or family. This  information can be tracked and the employee interviewed and disciplined if needed. EPIC also comes equipped with incident reporting software called Risk Monitor Pro. All staff members are encouraged to use this format to report any incident that might warrant further investigation. It covers every location, type of employee, type of equipment, patient, visitor or vendor. Risk Monitor Pro forms are used to report potential or perceived injuries, faulty equipment, sentinel events and things that have the potential to cause harm or damage. This information can be followed up on by the risk management team, so that process improvement is an ongoing process. The team works with members from the IT department and plans for primary data storage with a redundant back up storage unit that simultaneously updates so if the primary server fails there is no loss of information. They have also planned for a second, off site data storage center that can be used in case of emergency to ensure continuity of services, and keep things up and running while the primary system is off line for upgrades. Lastly back up tapes will be kept at a third site in case both of these areas are compromised, and the system can be rebooted and running again within 72 hours. A. 3 c) Explain how the system will protect patient privacy and meet HIPAA requirements EPIC will protect patient privacy in a number of ways. End User access is limited to only being able to access the information needed to do their jobs. Making the accessible information different for nurses, physicians, registration clerks, radiology technicians, committee members etc. Personnel will only be granted access once they have completed security training and have signed documentation stating that they understand the legal risks and responsibilities when accessing protected health information (PHI). Individuals outside the hospital will have access to EPIC as well, for example nursing home physicians. They will have a read only access granted, but will require multiple patient identifiers to access the information. Also, as mentioned earlier, EPIC will employ security related  chart hard stops like ‘Break the Glass’. A. 3 d) Explain how the recommended system meets HIPAA requirements EPIC helps to meet HIPAA requirements with automated enforcing of access policies, and pro-active alerting that links directly to the risk management department, requiring strong password policies, and automatic logout at end user work stations. EPIC allows providers to protect the integrity of data and recover original data in the case of it being altered or damaged. EPIC users are required to have appropriate training to be able to access the system, and can be locked out in the case of termination. Portable devices carry encryption software that does not allow for third party data extraction or access. EPIC can also quickly generate reports with discrete sampling related to various forms of access. The majority of compliance will be the responsibility of the staff with written policies, documented sanction programs and investigation that is on-going, consistent and documented. A. 3 e) Describe how adopting the system will reduce costs to the organization Instituting this new system will initially generate more costs, but in the long run will save the hospital money in many ways. Meeting the ARRA/HITECH Act requirements will help to offset those cost with financial incentives and avoiding fines and penalties. Having readily available test results will decrease the costs and labor associated with repeating lost or illegible results. With superior organization and data summary tools, the cost for labor associated with studying charts individually and generating reports will be exponentially lower. The need for transcriptionists will be greatly reduced by utilizing dictation software. Facilities for storage of paper charting cost money for upkeep and staffing. An electronic database should make billing and insurance claims easier to process and thereby generate revenue faster. The time it takes for physicians to spend going over complicated medical histories with patients is greatly reduced by  having that information readily available in a database. â€Å"According to a recent study, when hospitals rely on advanced electronic health records they can save up to 10 percent per patient admission† (Advanced EHR Cuts Hospital Costs By 10% Per Admission, 2014). 4. A) Explain why active nursing involvement in the planning, selection, and implementation of the systems is important to the success of the implementation process and meeting meaningful use requirements Active nursing involvement is important to the success of implementing any process that affects care given at the bedside. For the system to be optimized for use, nursing suggestions and feedback are critical. EPIC knows this and has a team of nurses on staff to work with the facility  in developing end-user interface. ‘Nurses’ from the hospital include the advocates, CNS’s, NP’s, LPN’s, managers, and bedside care givers, each with a specific focus and experiences that are valuable when helping to decide how charting should work. Any thing that pulls a nurses attention away from the patient, or is distracting or difficult to work with decreases the perceived level of care and increases the potential for errors. The health care goals of meaningful use include improving efficiency, safety and quality while decreasing discrepancies, involving patients and their families in their care, improving public health outcomes, improving care coordination, and advancing security and privacy of PHI (Gregory Klepfer, 2010). All of these things are the foundation of every interaction a nurse has with a patient. This is why nursing is one of the most trusted professions, according to the Gallup pole website, nurses come out on top at 80% when people were asked to rate â€Å"the honesty and ethical standards of people† in different given fields (Honesty/Ethics in Professions | Gallup Historical Trends, n.d.). Because standard nursing care already meets the goals outlined for meaningful use, the most important thing the average  nurse can do is to work hard to be competent utilizing the selected EHR software. Advanced users and nurse leaders are important to help guide the EHR selection process in the direction that will improve the bedside interactions and user interface. Clinical nurse specialists have advanced educations and bring the nursing philosophy to the selection and implementation process. All of these roles are vital to the success of any EHR implementation.

Investigation into Human Resource Planning

Investigation into Human Resource Planning Human Resource Management Planning is not as easy as an organization might consider; it requires intensive work to come out with a programme that ease work. Commenting is complicated, but once a business start and finish it; such company have a smile because everything moves efficiently. Planning is the process that has to be launched from somewhere and completed for the purpose. It involves collecting data that would enable management to make effective decisions. Information obtained is used to make better decisions for achieving Phipps Enterprise objectives. There are many factors that Phipps Enterprise Travel Agency has to consider when choosing an HR Planning programme. HR Planning at Phipps Enterprise Travel Agency involves collecting of data, making objectives, and making effective decisions to enable Phipps’s to achieves its objectives. Unexpectedly, the HR is one of the most neglected fields. When HR Planning is applied correctly in the field, it will assist to address the following questions: How much staff does the organization have? How should the company best exploit the available resources? How can the business retain its staff? HR planning has made the organization move and succeeded in the 21st Century. Human Resources Managers at Phipps Enterprise prepare the HR Planning programme to assist the company to manage its employee strategically. The programme will helps to direct the movements of the HR department. The programme does not help the company only, but it will also facilitate career planning of the staff and assist them to achieve the objectives. This augment motivation and the business would become a safe place 4to work. Poor HR Planning and shortage of it in the company especially like Phipps Enterprise may result in enormous costs and financial losses. The augment costs and hampers effective work functioning because staffs is requested to work overtime and may not put in additional effort due to fatigue. If given additional work, it may stretch employee beyond their limit and may cause pointless disruptions to the organization production. The most important reason HR Planning is used at Phipps Enterprise is to manage and executed is the costs involved. Costs form a significant part of the Organizations budget; workforce planning enables Phipps’s to provide HR provision costs. When there is a staff shortage, the company appoints discriminately because of the costs suggestions of the other options, such as training of staff. Steps in HR Planning Action of Plan There are three essentials necessary for this step. Know where the company is heading. Acceptance and backing management for their plans. Knowledge of the all available resources. Once in action, the HR Plans become a business programs. Failure to achieve the HR Plans may be a serious constraint on the company long-range objectives. Below is an illustration of Phipps Enterprise Travel Agency HR Plan, which is linked to the corporate Plan. Forecasting HR Planning at Phipps Enterprise requires that data gathering on the organizational goals objectives. Employee should understand what the organization wants achieve and how it plans to. The need of the employees is to derive from the business objectives of the company. Inventory Once employees have an understanding of the human resources in the company, the next stage is to take stock of the present staff in the organization. The HR inventory should relate to not only data, ages, and locations, but also to analysis of individuals and skills. Audit Phipps Enterprise does not live in a Static World, and HR resources can transform dramatically. HR inventory collection of data includes HR audit, which requires systematic examination and analysis of such data. Audit looks at what has occurred in the past and present in terms of labor turnover, training costs and absence. Based on this evidence the HR manager can then predict HR in the future in the organization. HR Resource Plan Phipps Enterprise Travel Agency looks at career planning and HR plans. Employees are the greatest assets in any company. Phipps Enterprise is at liberty to develop its employees at full pace in an ideal manner to the individual capacities. The primary motive is that Phipps’s objectives should be aligned with the business strategy in order to give excellent scope for the developing potential of its staff. Therefore, career planning may be referred to as HR or succession planning. Questions that would concern Phipps Enterprise are: Is the company making use of the available talent in the business? Is Phipps Enterprise employees satisfied with the company care of their growth? Human resource planning is a method through which it anticipates future business. It also provides sufficient manpower required to perform all the business doings. HR planning is a continuous practice which starts with employee identifying HR plans, analyze manpower resources and ends with an appraisal for HR planning. The following are the steps involved in human resource planning at Phipps Enterprise Travel Agency: 1. Human Resources Assessing The valuation of HR begins with environmental analysis, both external (PEST) and internal (objectives and resources) is to analyze to the current available HR inventory. After analyzing the external and internal forces of the market, it would be easier for HR manager to discover the internal strengths and weakness of the business in one hand and the other opportunities and threats. It also includes taking inventory of the workers and skills at Phipps Enterprise Travel Agency and a comprehensive job analysis. 2. Demand Forecasting Forecasting of HR is the process of estimating the demand and supply of HR. Demand is the method of determining future needs for HR as o relates to the quantity and quality. Phipps Enterprise uses this method to meet the future requirements of the organization and in the process it achieves the company desired level of production. Future HR needs can be estimated with the assistant of the organizations current human resource and analysis of organizational plans procedures. It will be necessary to perform a yearly analysis for substantial level and type. 3. Supply Forecasting Supply is another side of HR assessment. It is concerned with the valuation of resource of manpower given the analysis of the current resource and availability of HR in the future. Supply forecast estimates the future sources of Phipps’s HR that are likely to be available. Internal source includes promotion and job development, whereas external source includes recruitment and selection. 4. Matching Demand and Supply Another step of HR planning is matching demand and supply, which is a concern with bringing the forecast of HR future demand and supply at Phipps’s. The process talks about demand and supply in a balanced position so that the organization does not have any shortage and overstaffing situation. In the case of shortages, Phipps’s has to hire a number of employees, while if the opposite, over staffing has to be use to reduce the level of current employment. Therefore, by using the matching process it will give the business information about requirements and sources of HR in the company. 5. Action Plan This step is the last phase of HR planning that is concerned with surplus and shortages of the company. Here, the HR program is implemented through the design of different HR events. The primary activity which is required to execute the HR program is a recruitment, selection, training and development, etc. Finally, the stages or steps are charged by control and evaluation of performance to evaluate the program matches the HR objectives and policies. A comparison of recruitment and selection process in two organizations will be done on McDonald’s (company A) and KFC (Company B). McDonald is one of the leading Fast food Chain in the World since 1998. The headquarter is located in Karachi and the regional head office in Lahore. The basic objective of HR Policies at the restaurant is to respect and recognition, values and leadership behaviour, learning, development and personal growth while KFC was establish in the early 1930s by kernel Senders and is a project of Mackenzie Restaurants International limited since 1997 in Pakistan. Over this organization currently employs 6000 people as at such government obtains over 10 million per month as direct taxes. The basic objective of HR Policies at the establishment is to provide coaching, leadership and operational support to employees and in the process providing an optimistic working environment. Illustrated below is a table showing the similarity in the recruitment and selection process at McDonald’s and KFC. Recruitment McDonald’s KFC Decentralized Hiring Batch Hiring Attracting qualified people for the job. Decentralized Process. Internal Based on Past Performance (Promoting from within) Jobs post www.mcdonalds2.rozee.pk Company evaluate current employee to see if they are fit for the opening position (Promoting from within) Job post at www.jobswithkfc.com External Via Internet Newspaper or Magazine ads College Recruiting Internship Contacts with universities Banners ads Newspaper Walk- In Resumes drop off Selection Initial screening McDonald’s Test Interview Background Investigation Final interview Initial screening KFC Tests Skills, behavioral and Physical Test After successfully completed examination, they then move on to the interview stage Training and Development Lectures On job training Crew leader development course Summer crash course Lectures On job training Language programs Regular Counseling and guiding Launching of development programs Recruitment and selection is a vital component in determine an organizations effectiveness and performance, when organization are able to obtain employees who already passes appropriate knowledge, skills and talents also be able to make correct guess about their future abilities. The requirement and selection of employees are fundamental to the performance of an organization. Inappropriate selection decisions decrease organizational effectiveness, cancels reward and develop strategies, are frequently unfair on the individual recruited and can be hard for the manager that has to deal with unfit employees. In order for Phipps’ to stay competitive, they need to have the best employee and them skills. McDonald’s and KFC recruitment process usually start when employee in the organization leaves and such position opens up an opportunity for another applicant to fill their position. One significant effectiveness of recruitment and selection for McDonald’s and KFC is that it help in the decision making of the high management to fill a gap; it help them to find the right candidate with the proper qualifications and skills to do the job not taking into through their race, age, gender or color. The recruitment and selection process is critical to both organizations even though the process can be expensive. It is time-consuming swell, and much thought will be needed by the manager in order to choose the right candidate. References 1. HR Policies KFC McDonalds by Ali Maan on Prezi. [ONLINE] Available at: http://prezi.com/clqamwplk7l6/hr-policies-kfc-mcdonalds/. [Accessed 13 October 2014]. 2. Human Resource Planning Process Or Steps Of HR Planning | Accounting-Management. [ONLINE] Available at:http://accountlearning.blogspot.com/2013/01/human-resource-planning-process-or.html. [Accessed 13 October 2014]. 3. Hr Planning Essay Sanka07. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.studymode.com/essays/Hr-Planning-458782.html. [Accessed 13 October 2014].

Foreign language instruction should begin in Kindergarten

Foreign language instruction should begin in Kindergarten Topic: â€Å"Foreign language instruction should begin in Kindergarten† In the early states of developing brain, people has equipped with skills to communicate each other with special abilities for understanding and acquiring language. This ability gradually decline over time because people need to develop another skills, which are necessary for survival. Thus, receiving and applying of a new language becomes easier for young children. Moreover, children in this stage have the ability to imitate and copy the new sound correctly, this is convenient for the comprehensive development of the ability to pronounce new words in children. Learning a second language provides many benefits for children. Children can learn composite things, because they are too young to understand that it is difficult.. Thus, they are able to learn a second language with an easy way. Also, learning foreign language may make their knowledge wider when they become an adult. This will bring a lot of opportunities for children in the future. On the other hand, many believe that children should not learn foreign language because they will probably use that language most of time, therefore, they might fail to remember their own language. Moreover, children in Kindergarten should be focusing on studying the fundamental abilities which are necessary for them in whole life (e.g. Communication skills, language skills). Foreign language instruction should be delayed until children have developed comprehensively in many aspects of psychology or constitution (at least 4th grade). This essay seeks to address the following question: Should foreign language instruction begin in Kindergarten? This paper has been divided into three parts. Firstly, why should children start learning a foreign language as soon as possible? The second part deals with how kindergarteners could approach with second language. Finally, the achievement of learning a foreign language at the beginning of life will be clarified. Nowaday, concerning about studying a foreign language, owning two or more languages which brings many great advantage to people, is becoming a general trend of modern society. Therefore, it comes to the question that should foreign language instruction begin in Kindergarten? Although, some people may disagree, many others agree that children should not wait until they are adult in order to learn a new language. Learning a foreign language as the young age has many advantages for the following reasons. First, the early start learning second language will improve the ability of children to absorb a natural language instead of learning a conscious way the older child or adult would normally do. This will help the child feel comfortable participating in language classes, foreign language will be able to come to a natural child like native language. Second, learning foreign language assists children smarter. According to a 5-year study of language research center at Cornell, early learni ng a second language does not affect the intellectual development of the child, as opposed to help children focus better in school when compared with children, who only know their native language. In addition, second language supports vernacular if introduced early and using appropriate methods. Learning a foreign language helps children express their native language grammatically correct, clear, more coherent. Third, when children learn a language through a combination of learning with rewarding games that will create pleasurable for children. Children do not get bored when just learning to play with my friends. These activities will assist children sooner confident, bolder when communicating with others and participating in social activities later. That is really the biggest skills will accompany children for the rest of their life.â€Å"The mind is much more like a muscle than weve ever realized. †¦ It needs to get cognitive exercise. Its not some piece of clay on which you put an indelible mark.† – James Flynn, The New Yorker, 2012 http://blog.languagelizard.com/2011/09/27/reasons-why-children-should-learn-languages-as-early-as-possible/ Debate continues about how how kindergarteners approach with second language. â€Å"In general, there are two ways in which children may learn a second language: simultaneously or sequentially† (McLaughlin et al., 1995; Tabors, 2008). Therefore, schools should create opportunities for children to hear a second language everyday in contexts like native language. Listening skills are extremely important to learn the language. Learning the other language might begin from listening speaking reading writing. Outside school hours, children can watch television, listen to poems, stories, songs via cassettes. Children can also hear foreigners talk by their language. There are a lot of resources (tapes, movies, game software ) for parents to choose for their children.Learning another language actually enhances a childs overall verbal development, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff Ph.D., author of How Babies Talk. http://www.languagestars.com/program-overview/programs/parents-and-tots/14-programs/curriculum/66-the-benefits-of-learning-language-young.html In addition, children may not understand everything they hear. Intonation, sounds, feelings, words also helps a lot. Children may not understand the meaning, but we can distinguish this language with the native language and the ability to use speculation to understand main ideas: who are questioning, who are happy. Also, the words are repeated many times with the aid of photographs, contextual help children understand the true meaning of them. They are excellent conditions to learn a foreign language, which is useful for success in the future. Speculate skills help children learn more quickly, including language. However, some of the questions are given that if kindergarteners learn foreign language too early, they may forget a little bit of their own language or time for entertainment might be replaced by time for learning the second language in them, consequently, foreign language should not be require, but it should be encouraged. For example, there are many schools in the United States delay foreign language training until children enter in higher level (at least 7th grade). However, it will lose the most opportunity to access another language of children. They should be offered many other choices of extracurricular activities or additional classes, which in they could practice constantly foreign language with friends or teachers. Consequently, they could not be taken time from another courses. Learning a second language is always a great experience in the life of each person. The first benefit is easy to realize the advantages of foreign language proficiency gives each person while traveling. Contact with the natives, understand and immerse yourself in a new culture even at the most rudimentary level is no longer a far-fetched thing. In addition to the existing benefits, scientists also spent quite a lot of research effort in this regard. According to a study published in the Journal of Neuroscience, who know at least two languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹represents a sensible thinking. Learning language at an early age helps maintain mental sanity as they age. This is synonymous with high adaptability to new situations and unexpected. Also, according Psychological research on Sciencestudy, learning languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹assists us process words quickly, especially with the word meaning similarities in both two languagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹. By measuring eye movement technique, researchers found that people fluent in two foreign languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹could use less time while reading from the same original words, such as sport in English and Dutch. This suggests that the brain needs less time to adopt the general characteristics. Understanding foreign language helps people to delay the development of Alzheimers disease is still no cure and can attack anyone, for about 4 to 5 years. The findings were presented at the 2011 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Moreover, children know two foreign languages à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹better expressed in the test situation or creativity. Research conducted on 121 children with about half of them can speak a language other than their native language. They are required to perform the repeat sequence, problem-solving and simulating colored blocks. The survey showed that processing speed and move from task to another task of the children speak two foreign languages, which are moreà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ flexible and keen intelligence than the others. Futhermore, the ability to think in another language supports them to make rational decisions for different scenarios. This is a result of research the University of Chicago (USA). According to the researchers, the habit of thinking in another language allow people to make cautious decisions and less sentiment over. Besides, it seems to be the most important impact of a foreign language that it is less affected by emotion than native language. Th e idea suggests that children should be taught foreign language as soon as they enter in Kindergarten. â€Å"The more children learn about a foreign language, the more they understand about their own language.† Nancy Rhodes, director of foreign language education at the Center for Applied Linguistics in Washington, D.C. http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263877-advantages-of-learning-a-foreign-language-at-an-early-age.html In conclusion, although some parents worry that starting their toddler on a second language will interfere with developing the first language skills, the opposite is actually true. Young children can differentiate between two languages within the first years of life without difficult. Also, learning second language will bring to children and their family these activities and experiences that can develop over time. Otherwise, kindergarteners will find opportunities and new ideas as they adapt to the language learning process. Starting as soon as possible means they are expanding possibilities and opportunities in the future. Therefore, instructing the second language in Kindergarten is really necessary. Any child can be developed, it depends on how you do it Shinichi Suzuki. Reference list: Reasons Why Children Should Learn Languages As Early As Possible, 2011. Halgunseth, L (2010) How Children Learn a Second Language, Retrieved on May 17, 2010 from http://www.education.com Advantages of learning a foreign language at an early age, 2011. Is learning a foreign language good for kids at a young age, 2011. The Benefits of Learning Language Young, 2013.

Ethical And Legal Aspects On Organ Transplantation Essay -- Organ Dona

Ethical And Legal Aspects On Organ Transplantation Recent reports of public figures receiving life-saving transplants have brought renewed attention to the scarcity of organs and the importance of organ transplants. Although more transplants are being performed in the United States each year the transplant waiting list continues to grow. It has been considered that the decrease in organ donors is due to the unsuccessful measures taken by health care professionals. This is a limited view of the matter because health care professionals are not directly responsible for the policies and other guidelines for procuring organs. The general population does not have the interest of suffering individuals at heart when it comes to donation. Instead, the interest lies with respecting individual autonomy and dead bodies. I strongly believe that the attention needs to focus on the next-of-kin or health care proxies communication with an individual who wants to be a donor. Health care proxies are designated individuals who speak on one's behalf, an d agree to put forward the type of medical intervention one wishes to have when one is no longer able to speak for oneself. The focus of public policy related to organ donation has been solely on the individual donor and recipient. However, there is a dire need to analyze and recommend changes to some of the current guidelines. For example, one of major reasons for the decrease in organ donation is the next-of-kin's ability to override the decision to donate. Secondly, current policies for distributing organs favor a pattern least likely to save lives: The allocation guidelines give top priority to the sickest patients regardless of their prognosis. I interpret the allocation guidelines as som... ...iteria for Evaluating Potentail Transplant Recipient Vary Among Centers." JAMA 269 (1993): 3091-3094. "Organ Donation: Social and Cultural Issues." Nursing Standards 41 (1995): 25-29. "Legal Framework for Organ Donation and Transplantation." Nursing Clinic of North America 24 (1989): 837-849. The Partnership for Organ Donation. "Hospitals Can Do More to Increase Donation." http://www.transweb.org/partnership/press.html ubc. (March 1996). The Public Health and Welfare, Chp. 7, subchapter 11, part A of 1986, 42 U.S.C.A. Section 1320b-9. University of Chicago Hospital's Policy. "UCH Organ and Tissue Donation Policy." http://www.hooked.net/users/chartsf/txp/txphome. htm # chrono. (27 Feb. 1996) Yale Biomedical Text. "Organ Trafficking Perspective from UNOS." http://www.info.med.yale.edu:70/11/disciplines/disciplines/transplant.htm (5 Aug. 1995).

Essay --

Electrical stimulation (ES) therapy involves the transfer of electrical current across wound tissue through the two electrodes and uses three types of currents: AC, DC and Pulse DC. According to various studies, electrical stimulation therapy has shown to reduce inflammation, edema, improve wound appearance, cause a faster reduction in wound size by helping to kick start the wound healing process and is cost effective for many patients. It has generated a positive impact on patient’s comfort and convenience. Electrical stimulation therapy has provided numerous beneficial effects in wound healing demonstrated by various studies, however; further research trials are needed in order to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing (Cutting, 2006). Background: The clinical application of ES can be dated as far back as 1812 when Hartshorne used electricity to promote bone healing in a patient suffering a tibial nonunion, later described in an 1841 publication (Wienke & Dayton, 2011). Research stayed in focus with bone stimulation via ES therapy for many years leading to the US Food and Drug Administration approved labeling electromagnetic devices for treatment of nonunion and delayed union fractures. ES therapy in chronic wound healing became a major research trend in the mid 1960s with a multitude of successful clinical trials to follow (Isseroff & Dahle, 2012). Eventually ES use in treating chronic soft tissue wounds became widely accepted and in 2002 the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services approved ES treatment in a clinical setting for certain types of chronic wounds and pressure ulcers. Until 2003, research focus stayed with ES therapy on pressure ulcers but later ... ...rocess and is cost effective for many patients. It has also generated a positive impact on patient’s comfort and convenience. Yet still, the selection of an optimal modality remains amongst the scientific and medical communities. Further research and clinical trials to support these positive effects on wound healing may help generate that consensus and help ES therapy gain full support in the US. In reviewing the above studies the evidence of the numerous beneficial effects ES therapy has are clear, however, the evidence that the lack of consensus on standardization of parameters to devise systematic protocols for its use and the lack of uniformity in reports on ES dosages, application modes and waveforms is also clear. Further research trials are needed in order to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing

Common Features of a Shakespeare Comedy

Common Features of a Shakespeare Comedy What makes a Shakespeare comedy identifiable if the genre is not distinct from the Shakespeare tragedies and histories? This is an ongoing area of debate, but many believe that the comedies share certain characteristics, as described below: * Comedy through language: Shakespeare communicated his comedy through language and his comedy plays are peppered with clever word play, metaphors and insults. 1. Love: The theme of love is prevalent in every Shakespeare comedy.Often, we are presented with sets of lovers who, through the course of the play, overcome the obstacles in their relationship and unite. Love in Shakespearean comedy is stronger than the inertia of custom, the power of evil, or the fortunes of chance and time. In all of these plays but one (Troilus and Cressida), the obstacles presented to love are triumphantly overcome, as conflicts are resolved and errors forgiven in a general aura of reconciliation and marital bliss at the play's c lose.Such intransigent characters as Shylock, Malvolio, and Don John, who choose not to act out of love, cannot be accommodated in this scheme, and they are carefully isolated from the action before the climax. * * Complex plots: The plotline of a Shakespeare comedy contains more twists and turns than his tragedies and histories. Although the plots are complex, they do follow similar patterns. For example, the climax of the play always occurs in the third act and the final scene has a celebratory feel when the lovers finally declare their love for each other.Moreover, the context of marriage—at least alluded to, is the cap-stone of the comedic solution, for these plays not only delight and entertain, they affirm, guaranteeing the future. Marriage, with its promise of offspring, reinvigorates society and transcends the purely personal element in sexual attraction and romantic love. * Mistaken identities: The plot is often driven by mistaken identity. Sometimes this is an inten tional part of a villain’s plot, as in Much Ado About Nothing when Don John tricks Claudio into believing that his fiance has been unfaithful through mistaken identity.Characters also play scenes in disguise and it is not uncommon for female characters to disguise themselves as male characters, seen in Portia in the Merchant of venice. Shakespeare’s 17 comedies are the most difficult to classify because they overlap in style with other genres. Critics often describe some plays as tragi-comedies because they mix equal measures of tragedy and comedy. For example, Much Ado About Nothing starts as a Shakespeare comedy, but takes on the characteristics of a tragedy when Hero is disgraced and fakes her own death.At this point, the play has more in common with Romeo and Juliet, one of Shakespeare’s key tragedies. The 18 plays generally classified as comedy are as follows: 1 All's Well That Ends Well 2 As You Like It 3 The Comedy of Errors 4 Cymbeline 5 Love's Labourâ⠂¬â„¢s Lost 6 Measure for Measure 7 The Merry Wives of Windsor 8 The Merchant of Venice 9 A Midsummer Night's Dream 10 Much Ado About Nothing 11 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 12 The Taming of the Shrew 13 The Tempest 14 Troilus and Cressida 15 Twelfth Night 16 Two Gentlemen of Verona 7 The Two Noble Kinsmen 18 The Winter's Tale 2. 3. Comedy is a drama that provokes laughter at human behavior, usually involves romantic love, and usually has a happy ending. In Shakespeare's day the conventional comedy enacted the struggle of young lovers to surmount some difficulty, usually presented by their elders, and the play ended happily in marriage or the prospect of marriage. Sometimes the struggle was to bring separated lovers or family members together, and their reunion was the happy culmination (this often involved marriage also).Shakespeare generally observed these conventions, though his inventiveness within them yielded many variations. 4. Eighteen plays are generally included among Shakespe are's comedies. In approximate order of composition, they are. These works are often divided into distinct subclasses reflecting the playwright's development. The first seven, all written before about 1598, are loosely classed as the ‘early comedies', though they vary considerably in both quality and character.The last four of these—Loves Labour's Lost, the Dream, the Merchant, and the Merry Wives—are sometimes separated as a transitional group, or linked with the next three in a large ‘middle comedies' classification. The Merry Wives is somewhat anomalous in any case; it represents a type of comedy—the ‘city play', a speciality of suchwriters as Ben Jonson and Thomas Dekker—that Shakespeare did not otherwise write. The next three plays. Much Ado, As You Like It, and Twelfth Night, are often thought to constitute Shakespeare's greatest achievement in comedy; all written around 1599-1600, they are called the romantic, or mature, comedies. The next group of three plays, called the Problem Plays, which include Alls Well that Ends Well, Troilus and Cressida, and Measure for Measure that were written in the first years of the 17th century, as Shakespeare was simultaneously creating his greatest tragedies. The final cluster, all written between about 1607 and 1613, make up the bulk of the playwright's final period. They are known as the Romances which include Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, The Tempest, and often The Two Noble Kinsman. (The problem plays and romances were intended to merge Tragedy and comedy in Tragicomedies.Many minor variations in this classification scheme are possible; indeed, the boundaries of the whole genre are not fixed, for Timon of Athens is often included among the comedies, and Troilus and Cressida is sometimes considered a tragedy. 5. Shakespeare's earliest comedies are similar to existing plays, reflecting his inexperience. The Comedy of Errors—thought by many scholars to be h is first drama, though the dating of Shakespeare's early works is extremely difficult—is built on a play by the ancient Roman dramatist Plautus. Characteristically, Shakespeare enriched his source, but with material from another play by Plautus.The Subplot of The Taming of the Shrew was taken from a popular play of a generation earlier, and the main plot was well known in folklore, though the combination was ingeniously devised. The Two Gentlemen of Verona likewise deals with familiar literary material, treating it in the manner of John Lyly, the most successful comedy writer when Shakespeare began his career. 6. However, the young playwright soon found the confidence to experiment, and in Loves Labour's Lost, the Dream, and the Merchant, he created a group of unusual works that surely startled Elizabethan playgoers, though pleasurably, we may presume.In the first he created his own main plot and used a distinctively English variation on the Italian Commedia Dell’Arte traditions for a sub-plot. He thus produced a splendid array of comic situations. The play's abundant topical humor was certainly appreciated by the original audiences, although today we don't always know what it is about. In any case, the major characters are charming young lovers, the minor ones are droll eccentrics, and the closing coup de theatre, with which a darkening mood brings the work to a close, is a stunning innovation. Already, the eventual turn towards tragicomedy is foreshadowed.A Midsummer Night's Dream mingles motifs from many sources, but the story is again the playwright's own; moreover, the play's extraordinary combination of oddity and beauty was entirely unprecedented and has rarely been approximated since. The Merchant of Venice mixes a social theme, usury, into a conventional comedy plot to deepen the resonance of the final outcome as well as to vary the formula. Here, the threat that is finally averted is so dire as to generate an almost tragic mood, again a nticipating developments later in the playwright's career. . The mastery that Shakespeare had achieved by the late 1590s is reflected in the insouciance of the titles he gave his mature comedies (Twelfth Night's subtitle—'What You Will'—matches the others). That mastery is accompanied by a serious intent that is lacking in the earliest comedies. Shakespeare could not ignore the inherent poignancy in the contrast between life as it is lived and the escape from life represented by comedy. In Much Ado, as in The Merchant of Venice, a serious threat to life and happiness counters the froth of a romantic farce.Even in As You Like It, one of the most purely entertaining of Shakespeare's plays, the melancholy Jaques interposes his conviction that life is irredeemably corrupt. Feste’s song at the close of Twelfth Night gives touching expression to such sentiments, as he sends us from the theatre with the melancholy refrain, ‘the rain it raineth every day' (5. 1. 3 91). We are not expected to take him too seriously, but we cannot avoid the realization that even the life of a jester may be a sad one.The mature comedies thus further a blending of comedy and tragedy. 8. In the end, however, all of Shakespeare's comedies, including the later problem plays and romances, are driven by love. Love in Shakespearean comedy is stronger than the inertia of custom, the power of evil, or the fortunes of chance and time. In all of these plays but one (Troilus and Cressida), the obstacles presented to love are triumphantly overcome, as conflicts are resolved and errors forgiven in a general aura of reconciliation and marital bliss at the play's close.Such intransigent characters as Shylock, Malvolio, and Don John, who choose not to act out of love, cannot be accommodated in this scheme, and they are carefully isolated from the action before the climax. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. In their resolutions Shakespeare's comedies resemble the medieval Morality Pl ay, which centeres on a sinful human who receives God's mercy. In these secular works, a human authority figure—Don Pedro or Duke Senior, for instance—is symbolically divine, the opponents of love are the representatives of sin, and all of the participants in the closing vignette partake of the play's love and forgiveness.Moreover, the context of marriage—at least alluded to at the close of all but Troilus and Cressida—is the cap-stone of the comedic solution, for these plays not only delight and entertain, they affirm, guaranteeing the future. Marriage, with its promise of offspring, reinvigorates society and transcends the purely personal element in sexual attraction and romantic love. Tragedy's focus on the individual makes death the central fact of life, but comedy, with its insistence on the ongoing process of love and sex and birth, confirms our awareness that life transcends the individual. 10.

Figures of Speech

FIGURE OF vernacular A mode of expression in which al-Qurans ar utilize forbidden of their literal center or bug out of their ordinary use in consecrate to add beauty or activated intensity or to transfer the poets intellect impressions by comparing or identifying iodin occasion with another that has a meaning familiar to the reader. somewhat important strains of talking to atomic number 18 simile, metaphor, inrailway carnation, hyperbole and symbol. colligation Adjunction refers to a clause or a phrase, usuall(a)y a verb, that is added at the commencement of a sentence. Here are a a couple of(prenominal) examples of adjunction Sings the bird as we walk on by.Good it is that fights the overshadow with his dark lord, Allegory This epitome of deliverance is an extended metaphor where the characters or actions in a literary work cod a more imaginative meaning. The examples of fabrication are I feel handle a dog today. I roll out of my basket and munched on ma ny biscuit-like cereal. Scratching as I got on the train, I sniffed a passing female. Aruooo imbibe boy Animal Farm, George Orwell By this I perceive grounds art unitary of my subjects for all that country is mine, and I am the Prince and God of it. How is it then that thou hast deport away from thy King? The Pilgrims Progress, John Bunyan initial rhyme A repetition of particular concurring(a) telephone set in the beginning of a act word in close succession. though alliteration is generally consonant sounds, some times vowel sounds are also repeated. This realize of computer address is mainly utilize in poetry. A fewer examples of alliteration I stupefy s similarlyd still and stopped the sound of feet. Acquainted with the Night, Robert Frost Those tidal thoroughbreds that dance finished the turquoise tide. Dancing Dolphins, capital of Minnesota McCann Allusion An allusion is an in come out or brief honorable mention to a person, place or amour in a literary work. A few illustrations of allusion I doubt if genus Phaethon feared more that time he dropped the sun-reins of his fathers transport and burned the streak of sky we foresee today or if poor Icarus did tactual sensation his sides unfeathering as the wax began to melt, his father cheering Wrong, your course is wrong Inferno, Dante This responsibility is withal much for me. I feel as though I have an mollymawk around my neck. The check of the Ancient Mariner, Samuel Taylor Coleridge Antithesis An antithesis is a figure of speech where there is a juxtaposition of 2 contrasting ideas in a balanced clause or sentence.Some illustrations of antithesis It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the time of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the lenify of light, it was the season of darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of desp parentage, we had of all timeything ahead us, w e had nothing before us, we were all pass direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. A Tale of dickens Cities, Charles Dickens If, as our dreaming Platonists report, there could be spirits of a mall sort,Too black for heavn, and yet too white for hell, Who just droppd halfway down, nor trim back fell. The Hind and the Panther, John Dryden Apostrophe In this figure of speech, a non existent or dispatch person is addressed. In literary pieces, this figure of speech usually starts with an exclamation O. Examples of apostrophe are O Romeo, Romeo wherefore art thou Romeo? Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, / That I am meek and dark with these butchers / Thou art the ruins of the noblest man / That ever lived in the tide of times. Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare. Climax In climax, the words or clauses are arrange in ascending order of importance. These phrases have a similar theme and lay in increasing order harm onize to the impact they create on the reader. A few illustrations Love creates happiness, happiness creates cheer, joy creates enlightenment. Well collect pennies in tens, hundreds and millions Power starts small, becomes monumental then becomes unstoppable. Euphemism A figure of speech where an offensive or rude word is substituted by a polite and well-fixed word.The technique is to use a torpid language so as not to sound offensive to the receiver. Like for font Differently abled instead of disabled. Put to repose instead of euthanasia Hyperbole It is used while exaggerating something. This figure of speech is mainly used in several jokes or as a way of insult. It is to take over a normal situation or to make it look worse. A few hyperbole examples The whole world was double-dyed(a) at me. It is going to take a zillion years to get through medical school. My backpack weighs a ton. chaff Irony is used to convey the diametrical meaning of a word. It is usually used in sarc asm or in humor. It is also used to convey an painful truth in a discerning manner. Some examples of irony are Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink. (Situational Irony) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, S. T. Coleridge The boy is so sizable that he failed in all the subjects. (Verbal Irony) fiction Metaphor is used for the purpose of par with a thing which is not relevant to it literally.It is an indirect comparison of two uncorrelated things. Some examples of metaphors include He was a lion in the battlefield. He is the orchard apple tree of my eye. Metonymy In metonymy, the name of one thing is replaced with something that is closely related to it. In coarse terms, it is also known as misnomer or transmutation. Here are some metonymy examples The suits on Wall Street walked off with roughly of our savings. (Suits referring to bankers). The White House asked the television networks for air time on Monday n ight. (Here air time refers to broadcasting).Onomatopoeia This figure of speech imitates the sounds produced by the disapproves or actions. Mentioned on a lower floor are some examples of onomatopoeia The bombilate of bees. The whirring of the washing machine. Oxymoron Using a contradictory term to define a situation, determination or event is oxymoron. Some oxymoron examples are Clearly misunderstood minute estimation Personification Associating an inanimate object to human quality. A few personification examples are The haughty lion surveyed his realm. My car was happy to be washed.allegory Simile is a figure of speech where two essentially unlike things are compared with all(prenominal) other, using as, than or like. A few simile examples are given below O my love is like a red, red rose. Life is like an onion You peel it off one stage at a time, and sometimes you weep. Synecdoche It is a part of speech similar to metonymy, where a part of a particular object is used to re fer to the whole thing. Synechdoche examples are The city posted a sign, where the city refers to the government. The time-worn beard refers to an old man.

EKATO Organization Essay

A aggroup is a formal rile up separate whose members solve congenit totallyy with each other to earn a common objective. A ego-managed team is a small group of employees accountable for an entire work process, improve their operation or product, project their work, resolve day-to-day problems, and managethemselves. U. S companies including Ford move companionship, Digital Equipment and Boeing report many positive benefits from their mystify with self-managed teams including higher productivity, improved attribute and lower turnover. aggroup Development and EvolutionEXATO vision it self as a services government activity involve in providing solutions for conflate problems, rather than just envisioning and manufacturing of mixing machines. EKATO objective was to design a flexible and optimized takings facility at a realistic cost, age creating an attractive environment to foster innovation. Therefore the cutting building was designed to support a cell-based, self-m anaging tillage. in the first place the change to self managing elaboration, an extensive consultation and confederation programme was conducted. This was based around passel, process, technological and architectural strategies. A planning groups consisting of both workers and representatives of the workers council was formed to discuss any affect on employees due to those changes.The plan is to know 3 person groups. Wide-ranging native information was made available to employees to support the raw(a)-managing, self-optimising antenna in EKATO.With self managing teams approach brought good resultsThe bracing decentralised carcass amortized itself within the first 2 years operationThroughput times were cut back by 50%Inventories fell by 50% purposeless parts stores reduced by one(a)-third political machine cost fellChanges to plans reduced by 40%Obtaining information and passing it on cost reduced due to its availability and the easy communication stunt man time work was eliminatedDue to the amount of coordination mingled with that large no. of cells, the smart set reformed the cells into 8-9 persons rather of 3 allocated to three major manufacturing argonas responsible for drives, shafts and impellers. for each one manufacturing area has a leader who is responsible of that output signal group.ConclusionTeams thunder mug supply the competitive edge. free radical pressures can have influence over soulfulnesss behavior. The staple fiber philosophy is Entrusting employees with right assures highest temperament standards and low costs to the customers value.2. Evaluate the character that an effective HRM operation makes to the nerve?Maximizing the effectiveness of the human as identifys of an enterprise is critical. HRM strategies set off from one attach to to another but win similar services to the boldness. In EKATO, the HR is decentralized by making the department managers to be responsible for their mental faculty finance and HR matters especially the judgement and performance. HRM includes a variety of activities, the key is deciding what provideing of necessity you have and whether to use independent contractors or contain employees to fill these needs. In EKATO hiring decision vital since staff compositiondetermines whether the firm has the necessary creativity skills and attitudes. EKATO maintains blood with universities that specialised in process and involve this expertness on specific assignment. This open doors for universities students to work with the company after they finish their studies and be part of the organisation. Attracting new employees by rotating them through different sections of the company for a few(prenominal) months including assembly to gain the hand on familiarity in the entire company and be multi skilled. astir(p) employees skills by providing extensive training programme to tolerate them to improve the productivity and have high quality performance. EKATO Team sk ills were improved through training forward and after the move to the cell structure, to allow workers to be multi skilled and able to rotate roles to just about extent. coaching assisted individuals in personally adapting to working in teams on day-to day basis. Group members were trained in conflict resolution, problem solving, interpersonal relationship skills, team roles, group dynamics and decision making, as salubrious as setting goals and priorities. The typically objective of the HR is to provide an atmosphere in which all employees can perform their jobs to the best of their abilities and creatively contribute to the administration. EKATO retains its population by providing interesting work environment. Working there is relatively challenging because employees need to keep up development by attending seminars and read to run current and keep up with fast engineering science. It is easier to make the job interesting for R&D staff than sales people. They motivate the ir employee by adjusting the reward system to include an individual bonus for works contribution and the group productivity which encourage workers to work as a team to achieve individual goals. Re-training some employees who resisting the new change of the company to be self managing and group process.In addition, human resources caution includes 15 methods to improvecompetitive advantage.1. Working security organization gives employees a long-term contract.2. Carefully interview managers should be carefully choosing gauzy employee.3. High net the net is higher than another competitor at least.4. assume compensation every month choose the excellent employee and give reward.5. Employee ownership provide stock of organization or share in project of profit.6. The salary concentrating Narrow the degree of the difference of the salary among employees.7. move in management let lower take employees join management.8. Term work and working design9. Symbolic equality principle treat all employees equally.10. Internal upgrade through upgrade a lower level employee to higher position11. measurement practicing Organization should measure employee attitude, different of the scheme and spirit of creation and ability of employee performance level.NotesIntroducing new technology such(prenominal)(prenominal) as expert system to befriend the company to manage and share solutions and knowledge, thereby trim back duplication.3. Discuss the extent to which leaders at EKATO have attempted to change the organisations coating?Culture represents the unwritten feeling part of the organization. It refers to the set of values, beliefs, norms, attitudes, assumptions, and sympathys shared by all members of the organization. It also defines the basic organizational values and communicates to the new members joining the organization the correct ways to think and act, and how things taught to be done.An understanding of organizational culture helps organizations respond and adapt to immaterial environment by changing and solving internal problems.EKATO is a family owned enterprise. The founder Todtenhaupt was very technically oriented and has excellent relationship with his works and people in the chemical industry. The founder passed the organisation culture to his sons. But his sons changed the culture by bringing in an outsider Mr. Zeiler as chief executive officer/President.The CEO, Mr. Zeiler believes that the leadership has to do with the personality style, values and assumptions. The CEO concentrated on the company internal matters and problems. With his sales background, he changed the company from role oriented i.e. bureaucratic to self managing culture. He focused on his workers by delegating responsibility to them and empowering skilled employees. He implemented the trust and bareness culture within the organisation by allowing staff to learn from mistakes. To prevent classical labour problem, the CEO implemented communication and sharing the i nformation culture by having open discussion on the companys numbers, problems and goals. This is done by having two one-year meetings between management and employees where the workers council and the CEO report to the staff. Beside that, hook managers meet weekly and senior managers engage in cross-functional weekly problem solving meetings.Top management set the company plan and individual departments goals. Thesegoals are communicated to departments managers and and hence discussed within department staff. Senior mangers then meet quarterly to discuss the direction and reexamine the strategy and areas of innovation. Each department manager is mandatory to present results, costs and innovation capability. The outcome of these meetings are fed back to top management and then shared with staff.Hence, the spreading nature of culture provide have an effect on organizational processes such as decision making, design of structure, group behaviour, work organization, and motivatio n and job satisfaction. Management interest in organizational culture to improve performance and change magnitude competition. It is developed and manifests itself in different ways in different organizations, therefore, it is not possible to say that one culture is better than the other. Hence, there is no such thing as an ideal culture, only an set aside culture.